Source provenance

Kazmi, A.H. & Abbasi, I.A. (2008). Stratigraphy and Historical Geology of Pakistan. Department & National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar. 524 pp. ISBN 978-969-9119.

Cited by 296 units (275 published) · 77 field-level citations · 62 revision notes.

Full text (user-supplied OCR'd Markdown, ~236,000 words). Comprehensive modern synthesis of Pakistan's lithostratigraphy by tectonostratigraphic zone — the standard companion/successor to Kazmi & Jan (1997, same lead author) and a peer of Shah (2009). Newer than Kazmi & Jan (1997), so it supersedes on age where it revises. Used for broad corroboration, gap-fill, and reconciliation of open age/rank/naming flags. Overlaps heavily with the 1997 book; only genuinely additive or age-revising content is recorded, as attributed revisionNotes / citable-field updates.

This page is the reverse of each unit's per-field citations — it shows exactly what this reference supports, making the dataset's “no source, no fact” rule browsable both ways.

Units citing this source

• Paleozoic Abbottabad Formation Cambrian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Aghil Limestone Triassic–Jurassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Ailak Formation Triassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Ali Masjid Formation Devonian–Carboniferous
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) COMPETING INTERPRETATION (not applied): the book notes views that reassign the Khyber carbonates (including the Ali Masjid Formation) to the Precambrian (Aslam 2000; Pogue et al. 1999) and even questions the unit's validity (Khan 1989 read it as a slumped Khyber-Limestone block). The curated Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous age is retained because it rests on the hard conodont biostratigraphy of Molloy, Talent & Mawson (1997); the Precambrian reassignment is recorded as an unresolved alternative.
• Mesozoic Alozai Group Jurassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Alpurai Group

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Amb Formation Permian
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) CORROBORATES the curated Early Permian age: the fusulinids Monodiexodina kattaensis and Codonofusiella laxa indicate an Early Permian (Late Artinskian) age; the Amb Formation is the lower part of the Zaluch Group (highly fossiliferous calcareous sandstone/sandy limestone with dark carbonaceous shale, thin coal near Amb Village, Glossopteris/Gangamopteris flora; up to 80 m). Resolves the earlier Early-vs-Middle Permian flag in favour of Early Permian.
• Paleozoic Ambar Formation Cambrian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Anjira Formation Jurassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Arkari Formation Permian–Jurassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Ashtigar Formation Jurassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Precambrian Asianwala Formation Precambrian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Atark Formation Permian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Baghanwala Formation Cambrian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Bahadurkhel Salt Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Baintha Group under review

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Precambrian Baltit Group Precambrian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Baltoro Granite Neogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Precambrian Banna Formation Precambrian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Bara Formation Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Baroghil Group Ordovician–Silurian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Barum Formation Paleozoic (undifferentiated)

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Baska Formation Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Bauma Harel Formation Cretaceous–Paleogene
  AgeEraPeriod
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) + Kazmi & Jan (1997) RESOLVE the age flag: the Bauma-Harel Formation (Desio 1963; Skardu/Baltistan) overlies the Katzarah Formation and belongs to Desio's Cretaceous–Eocene 'Shigar Group' metamorphic suite — volcaniclastic metasediments (chlorite-epidote greenschists, slate, phyllite, minor carbonate and conglomerate), truncated northward by the MKT. The book does NOT support an Ordovician age; the previous 'Ordovician' appears to be an artifact of tracing the Ordovician Thalle Limestone marble horizon geographically 'up to Bauma Harel'. Age corrected from Ordovician to Cretaceous–Eocene (era Paleozoic→Mesozoic), with the age still noted as uncertain (Le Fort & Pecher 2001 suggest it may be Jurassic).
• Mesozoic Bdongo-La Formation Jurassic
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008): the Bdongo-La (Bango-La) Formation is assigned an Upper Jurassic age (Desio & Fantini; Gaetani), versus the curated Middle Jurassic (Rolfo 2014). Recorded as a note; the primary Rolfo (2014) age is retained pending reconciliation.
• Mesozoic Bela Ophiolite Cretaceous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Precambrian Besham Group Archean-Paleoproterozoic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Bibai Formation Cretaceous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Borom Formation Triassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Bostan Formation Quaternary

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Bugti Formation Paleogene-Neogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Precambrian Buland Hill Formation Precambrian
  • Geological significance: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) CORROBORATES the flag: 'Buland' appears only as one of the hills/localities (with Hachi, Sheikh, Hundawali, Chiniot) where volcanics dominate within the Kirana Hills — there is no 'Buland Formation' in the book. Supports treating 'Buland Hill' as a locality within the Hachi Formation, not a formal formation.
• Paleozoic Burawai Formation Carboniferous–Triassic
  EraAgePeriod
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) CORRECTION: the Burawai Formation is the Palaeozoic–Mesozoic cover overlying the Naran Formation in the Kaghan Valley, correlated with the Panjal Volcanics (Late Carboniferous and younger) — not 'Cambrian' as previously recorded (unsourced). Age corrected to Late Palaeozoic–Mesozoic.
• Mesozoic Burji Formation Cretaceous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Chak Jabbi Limestone Triassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Chalt Formation Carboniferous–Permian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Chalt Volcanic Group Cretaceous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Chamalang (=Ghazij) Group Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Chapursan Group Permian–Triassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Charun Quartzite Devonian
  Fossils
• Cenozoic Chashmai Formation Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Chatti Formation Neogene
  • Geological significance: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) REVISES the earlier rank flag: the book treats the Chatti as its own formation — the 'Chatti Formation' of HSC (1960), for shelf-to-slope calcareous mudstone-siltstone around Chatti Village (25 km NW of Gwadar), conformably overlying the Talar Formation (Plio-Pleistocene) — not as a member of the Hinglaj Formation. The dataset's formation rank is supported here; the earlier 'Chatti Mudstone Member of the Hinglaj Formation' framing (Kazmi & Jan 1997) is superseded.
• Cenozoic Chaudhwan Formation Neogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Chhidru Formation Permian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Chichali Formation Jurassic-Cretaceous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Chikar Formation Cambrian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Chikchi-ri Shale Triassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Chilas Complex Cretaceous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Chilmarabad Formation Devonian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Chiltan Limestone Jurassic
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) DUPLICATE FLAG: the book treats the Chiltan Limestone and the Takatu Limestone as the SAME unit (the 'Takatu (Chiltan) Limestone', Middle Jurassic), with the Mazar Drik as its upper member. This record and 'takatu-limestone' are therefore likely duplicates to merge; the book gives Middle Jurassic (no Oxfordian extension).
• Cenozoic Chinji Formation Neogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Chitarwatta Formation Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Chogo Lungma Group under review

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Chorgali Formation Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Chushal Formation Carboniferous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Chutrun Limestone under review

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Quaternary Dada Formation Quaternary

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Dandot Formation Permian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Darband Formation Cretaceous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Dark Limestone Jurassic
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) CORROBORATES the flag: the book treats the Chitral/Karakoram 'dark limestone' informally (consistently in quotation marks) — a ~150 m sequence of dark grey massive-to-thin-bedded limestone (Gaetani et al. 1996a) overlying the Ailak Formation, of Liassic (Pliensbachian) age. Confirms this is an informal descriptor, effectively the same body later formalised as the Darwaz An Formation; not a stand-alone formal unit.
• Paleozoic Darkot Group Carboniferous–Permian
  EraPeriodAge
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) CORRECTION: the Darkot Group is Late Palaeozoic — its fossils indicate an Upper Carboniferous to Lower Permian age (mapped as Permian), NOT 'Ordovician–Devonian' as previously recorded (the earlier age was unsourced). The Barum Formation is a member of this Permian Darkot Group. Age corrected.
• Paleozoic Darwaza Formation

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Datta Formation Jurassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Deshan Banda Limestone Jurassic-Cretaceous
  • Geological significance: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) CORROBORATES the earlier rename to 'Deshan Banda Limestone': the book has a 'Deshan Banda limestone' (upper Swat) — ~35 m of light grey crystalline fossiliferous limestone that underlies the Shon/Shou Quartzites and overlies the Karandoki Slates within the Kalam Group (Matsushita 1965; Middle Jurassic–Cretaceous). There is no 'Besham Banda' unit in the Kalam Group (the previous label conflated it with the unrelated Besham Indus-gorge Proterozoic locality). Kalam Group order (top→base): Shon Quartzites → Deshan Banda Limestone → Karandoki Slates.
• Cenozoic Dhok Pathan Formation Neogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Dilband Formation Jurassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Dir Group Paleogene
  AgeEraPeriod
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) CORRECTION: the book assigns the Dir Group a late Paleocene to early Eocene age and does not extend it into the Cretaceous; the previous 'Cretaceous–Paleocene' start (from the GSP lexicon) is corrected to Late Paleocene–Early Eocene.
• Cenozoic Domanda Formation Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Drazinda Formation Paleogene
  Age
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008): the Drazinda Formation (a former member of the Kirthar Formation) extends from the late-middle to the upper/late Eocene (zones P14–P17, NP17), so it is not restricted to the Middle Eocene; age extended to Middle–Late Eocene.
• Mesozoic Drosh Formation Cretaceous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Drug Formation Paleogene
  AgeEraPeriod
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) CORRECTION: the Drug Formation is early Eocene — one of the formations of the (early Eocene) Ghazij Group — not Middle Eocene as previously recorded (unsourced). Age corrected.
• Paleozoic Duma Formation Carboniferous–Triassic under review
  AgeEraPeriod
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) gap-fill: the Duma Formation (DiPietro et al. 1995, rev. 1999; type Duma Village, ~46 km ENE of Rustam, Indus Gorge) is banded white-to-grey marble (phlogopite/tremolite; local garnetiferous schistose and dolomitic marble) with thin amphibolite layers, comprising a lower Malandrai member, a Duma marble member and an upper Karapa member. Bracketed by the underlying Carboniferous Jafar Kandao Formation and the overlying conodont-bearing Triassic Kashala Formation, it is Late Carboniferous–Triassic (possibly extending to the Cambrian per DiPietro et al. 1999).
• Paleozoic Dumordo Formation Carboniferous–Permian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Dungan Formation Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Fort Munro Formation Cretaceous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Fort Munro Group Cretaceous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Gahirat Limestone Cretaceous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Gaj Formation Neogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Ganchen Formation Devonian–Permian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Precambrian Gandaf Formation Proterozoic
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008): the book states the Gandaf Formation is 'Early Proterozoic at the very least' — i.e. possibly older than the curated Middle–Late Proterozoic. Recorded as a note (the curated age is retained as the conservative option).
• Mesozoic Gashu-Confluence Volcanics Cretaceous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Gawuch Formation Cretaceous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Gharil Formation Permian
  PeriodAgeEra
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) CORRECTION: the book places the Gharil Formation between the Kubergandian and Midian stages (Middle–Late Permian); the Triassic part of the previous 'Permian–Triassic' range belongs to the overlying Ailak Formation. Age corrected to Middle–Late Permian (previous age unsourced).
• Cenozoic Ghazij Group Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Ghundai Sar Formation Devonian under review

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Gilgit Formation Cretaceous
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008): the book tags the Gilgit Formation '(Jurassic?)' as the lowest unit of the Jaglot (schist) Group (with the Gashu Confluence Volcanics and Thelichi Formation). The curated Cretaceous age (from the primary Khan 1997 Gilgit study and six other sources) is retained; the book's tentative Jurassic alternative is recorded as a note, and the member-of-Jaglot-Group relationship is confirmed.
• Paleozoic Gircha Formation Permian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Gorag Formation Paleogene under review
  AgeEraPeriod
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) gap-fill + RANK FLAG: the book recognises no 'Gorag Formation'. HSC (1960) redefined the Kirthar Limestone as the Brahui Limestone and subdivided it into a Kirthar Member (Middle–Upper Eocene) and a Gorag Member (Oligocene), NW Kirthar Range. This record's 'Gorag Formation' most likely corresponds to that Oligocene Gorag Member of the Brahui Limestone; age gap-filled to Oligocene and the member rank flagged for reconciliation.
• Mesozoic Goru Formation Cretaceous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Gum Formation Permian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Gurguri Formation Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Quaternary Gwadar Formation Quaternary

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Gwal Formation Triassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Habib Rahi Formation Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Precambrian Hachi Volcanic Group Neoproterozoic
  • Geological significance: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) CORROBORATES the rank flag: the book names this the 'Hachi Formation' — one of the Kirana Group formations (Asianwala/Taguwali/Hachi; Alam et al. 1992; type at Hachi Hill, N of Sikhanwali) of quartzites, slates, phyllites, tuffs and lava flows, the oldest formation exposed in the Kirana Hills — NOT a 'Hachi Volcanic Group'. The DB name 'Hachi Volcanic Group' should be corrected to 'Hachi Formation'. NOTE: a dataset contact ('machh-super-group' overlies 'Hachi Volcanic Group') pairs a Balochistan super-group with this Punjab/Kirana Precambrian formation and looks geographically spurious — flag for review.
• Precambrian Hadda Quartzite Precambrian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Hangu Formation Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Precambrian Harmosh Formation

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Quaternary Haro Conglomerate Formation Quaternary
  AgePeriodEra
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) CORRECTION: the Haro Conglomerate is Pleistocene (the Balochistan-basin equivalent of the Lei Conglomerate). The previous age label 'Miocene' contradicted its own numeric range (Gelasian–Calabrian, ~2.58–0.77 Ma, which is Pleistocene) — the label is corrected to Pleistocene.
• Precambrian Hazara Formation Neoproterozoic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Hazira Formation Cambrian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Hinglaj Formation Neogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Hisartang Formation Ordovician
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) COMPETING INTERPRETATION: the book now places the Hisartang Formation in the Late Proterozoic (below the ~750 Ma Inzari Limestone), superseding the earlier Ordovician age it inferred by lithological correlation with the Misri Banda Quartzite. As this unit is unfossiliferous, the Precambrian reassignment may be correct; recorded as a note and flagged with the Attock-Cherat cluster for reconciliation.
• Hispar Sar Group under review

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Hoshab Formation Paleogene-Neogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Humai Formation Cretaceous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Hunza Plutonic Unit Cretaceous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Inzari Limestone Devonian
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) COMPETING INTERPRETATION: the book places the Inzari Limestone in the Late Proterozoic (~750 Ma isotopic date; unfossiliferous), whereas it had earlier been thought Early Devonian. As the Attock-Cherat carbonates here lack biostratigraphic control, the Precambrian reassignment may well be correct; recorded as a note and flagged for reconciliation of the whole Attock-Cherat (Darwaza–Hisartang–Inzari) cluster.
• Precambrian Iskere Gneiss Paleoproterozoic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Jafar Kandao Formation Devonian–Carboniferous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Jaglot Group Jurassic–Cretaceous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Jatta Gypsum Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Jiwani Formation Quaternary

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Jobra Formation Ordovician

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Jutana Formation Cambrian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Precambrian Kaghan Group under review

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Kamerod Formation Quaternary

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Kamila Amphibolite Belt Cretaceous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Kamlial Formation Neogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Kargocha Formation Neogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Precambrian Karora Formation

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Kashala Formation Triassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Kathwai Member Triassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Katzarah Formation Cretaceous–Paleogene under review
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) CORROBORATES the curated Cretaceous–Eocene age: ~1,500 m of biotite-schists, gneisses, amphibolites and marbles (garnet–sillimanite grade) between the Shigar River and the Indus near Skardu (type at Katzarah, ~23 km NW of Skardu); Desio (1963, 1978) referred it to the Cretaceous–Eocene 'Shigar Group', though Hanson (1989) called the age uncertain and Le Fort & Pecher (2001) suggested it may be Jurassic. Overlies the Upper-Cretaceous-fossil-bearing Burji Formation and is overlain by the Bauma-Harel Formation.
• Mesozoic Kawagarh Formation Cretaceous
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008): the book gives the Kawagarh Formation a Coniacian to Campanian age (no Maastrichtian), slightly older than the curated 'Campanian–Maastrichtian'. Recorded as a note; the age is debated, curated value retained.
• Cenozoic Khadro Formation Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Khalkhal Formation Cretaceous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Khanozai Group Triassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Kharan Formation Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Kharari Formation Triassic-Jurassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Khatkiara Sandstone Member Triassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Khewra Sandstone Cambrian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Khisor Formation Cambrian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Khojak Formation Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Khyber Limestone Carboniferous–Permian
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) COMPETING INTERPRETATION (not applied): following Pogue et al. (1999), the book reassigns the Khyber Limestone to the Late Proterozoic (~750 Ma Sr-isotopic date) and places the whole Khyber sequence in its Precambrian chapter. This conflicts with the classic fusulinid/conodont-based Carboniferous–Permian age (Shah 1977; Kazmi & Jan 1997; the Ali Masjid conodont biostratigraphy of Molloy, Talent & Mawson 1997). The curated Carboniferous–Permian age is retained because it rests on biostratigraphy; the Precambrian Sr-isotope reassignment is recorded as an unresolved alternative.
• Mesozoic Kingriali Formation Triassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Precambrian Kirana Group Neoproterozoic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Kirthar Formation Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Precambrian Kishar Formation Paleoproterozoic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Koh-i-Sultan Volcanic Group Neogene–Quaternary

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Kohat Formation Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Kohistan Batholith Cretaceous-Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Krinj Limestone Cretaceous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Kuldana Formation Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Precambrian Kundalshahi Group Neoproterozoic under review
  AgeEraPeriod
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) gap-fill: the Kundalshahi Group (Malik et al. 1996; type Kundalshahi Village, Neelum Valley; = the Kundalshahi Formation of Ghazanfar & Chaudhry 1986) is interlayered semi-pelitic schists and metapsammites with minor quartzite, marble and metaconglomerate (relict graded bedding; calc-silicate boudins), subdivided into the Kuttar, Babun and Katha units. The authors correlate it with the Hazara Formation and the Salkhala series of Wadia (1930) — Late Proterozoic — and note that the name 'Salkhala' should take precedence. It unconformably overlies the Naril Group.
• Paleozoic Kundil Formation Permian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Kussak Formation Cambrian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Lakhra Formation Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Laki Formation Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Landa Member Triassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Landai Formation Triassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Landikotal Formation Ordovician–Silurian
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) COMPETING INTERPRETATION: the book assigns the Landi Kotal Formation a Precambrian–Cambrian age (Khan 1989; possibly Cambrian–Ordovician per Kazmi), not the curated 'Silurian'. As the oldest, unfossiliferous unit of the Khyber sequence this older assignment is plausible; recorded as a note pending reconciliation.
• Precambrian Langrial Limestone Neoproterozoic under review
  AgeEraPeriod
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) gap-fill: the Langrial Limestone is a Late Precambrian unit of the Hazara Group (a member alongside the Miranjani Limestone; Latif 1970), Hazara/foreland — not Karakoram. Blank age gap-filled to Late Precambrian; the earlier note that it is a member of the Hazara Formation/Group and misclustered stands.
• Paleozoic Lashkargaz Formation Permian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Quaternary Lei Conglomerate Quaternary

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Litra Formation Neogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Lockhart Limestone Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Loralai Formation Jurassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Lowara Mena Formation Carboniferous
  Age
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008): the Lowara Mena Formation (type Lowara Mena, Ghundai Sar area, Khyber Agency) is phyllites with interbedded limestones, slaty shales, graphitic/mica schists, crinoidal limestones and quartzite (crinoid columns, brachiopods), gradational over the underlying Ghundai Sar Formation; Late Devonian–Carboniferous (Khan et al. 1989) / Middle Devonian–Early Carboniferous (Khan A.B. et al. 1970). Refines the curated 'Carboniferous'. DUPLICATE FLAG: the book states the Lowara Mena Formation is the same unit as the 'Warren Ghundai Formation' of Khan M.A. (1970), with the senior name Lowara Mena taking precedence — so this record and 'warran-ghundai-formation' are likely synonyms to be merged.
• Mesozoic Lumshiwal Formation Cretaceous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Lun Shale Silurian–Devonian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Lupghar Formation Permian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Lupsuk Formation Carboniferous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Lwarani Mela Limestone Late Paleozoic
  AgeEraPeriodThicknessThickness (m)
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) gap-fill: the Lwarai Mela Limestone (type Lwarai Mela Village, ~4 km NE of Baraghat) is ~51 m of brownish-grey, thin-bedded to massive, banded limestone with subordinate slaty shale, intruded by dolerite sills and unfossiliferous — the base of the late-Palaeozoic Khyber Bara-Valley sequence (Lwarai Mela Limestone → Baraghat Slates → Barai Quartzite → Spinkai Formation; Tahirkheli et al. 1975). Conformably(?) overlain by the Baraghat Slates; in thrust contact with the Murree Formation to the south. NOTE: distinct from the Lowara Mena Formation (Devonian–Carboniferous phyllite, Ghundai Sar) despite the similar name — the book indexes them separately.
  • Thickness (m): Thickness surfaced from the age note: the Lwarai Mela Limestone is ~51 m of brownish-grey banded limestone with subordinate slaty shale (Kazmi & Abbasi 2008).
• Precambrian Mahandri Formation Precambrian
  AgeEraPeriod
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) gap-fill: the Mahandri (Mahandari) Formation (Kaghan Valley) is tentatively Precambrian — calc-schists, quartz-mica schists and marbles. Blank age gap-filled to Precambrian (tentative).
• Quaternary Malagan Formation Quaternary

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Malandrai Member Carboniferous under review
  AgeEraPeriod
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) gap-fill: the Malandrai Member (a.k.a. Malandrai Greenschist; type Malandrai Kandao, 12 km NE of Rustam) is the lower member of the Duma Formation — greenschist interlayered with minor argillite, phyllite, calcite/dolomitic marble and graphitic phyllite. It overlies the Carboniferous Jafar Kandao Formation along an erosional unconformity, constraining it to the Late Carboniferous. Parent unit: Duma Formation.
• Mesozoic Malikhore Formation Jurassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Manchar Formation Neogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Precambrian Manglaur Formation Ediacaran

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Precambrian Manglour Formation

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Precambrian Manki Formation Precambrian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Mansehra Granite Ordovician
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008): the book calls the Mansehra Granite an Early Palaeozoic / Late Cambrian pluton with a 516 Ma Rb–Sr age (Le Fort et al. 1980), and treats a regional 466 ± 2 Ma date (Baig et al. 1989) as a later metamorphic event, not the intrusion age. The curated value (~478–466 Ma, Early–Middle Ordovician) is retained because it derives from a modern U–Pb zircon study (mansehra-upb-2016), which supersedes the 1980 Rb–Sr figure; the two are recorded together as the Rb-Sr-vs-U-Pb methodological difference.
• Paleozoic Margach Formation Devonian–Carboniferous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Margala Hill Limestone Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Marghazar Formation Carboniferous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Marpo Sandstone Jurassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Marwat Formation Neogene-Quaternary

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Mazar Drik Formation Jurassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Mekhband Formation Permian under review

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Mianwali Formation Triassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Precambrian Miranjani Limestone Precambrian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Precambrian Misgar Slate Neoproterozoic-Cambrian
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008): the Misgar Slate is unfossiliferous and only tentatively referred to the Palaeozoic — differing from the curated 'Late Precambrian–Cambrian'. Both assignments are tentative; recorded as a note pending fossil/isotopic control, curated value retained.
• Mesozoic Mittiwali Member Triassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Mona Jhal Group Cretaceous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Moro Formation Cretaceous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Mughal Kot Formation Cretaceous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Murgha Faqirzai Formation Paleogene
  • Geological significance: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) CORROBORATES the rank flag: following Qayyum et al. (1996, 1997) the book subdivides the Khojak Formation into a lower Murgha Faqirzai Member (shale; 1,941 m at Rud Faqirzai) and an upper Shaigalu Member (sandstone) — so Murgha Faqirzai is a MEMBER of the Khojak Formation, not a stand-alone formation.
• Cenozoic Murree Formation Neogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Muslim Bagh Ophiolite Cretaceous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Precambrian Nagarparkar Igneous Complex Neoproterozoic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Nagri Formation Neogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Nammal Formation Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Precambrian Nanga Parbat Gneiss Mesoproterozoic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Naran Formation under review

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Nari Formation Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Precambrian Naril Group Precambrian under review
  AgeEraPeriod
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) gap-fill: the Naril Group (Malik et al. 1996; type Naril Village, N of Kel, Neelum Valley) is banded granulitic gneiss basement (quartz-feldspar-biotite-garnet, intruded by amphibolite-grade dolerite) of the Higher/Lesser Himalayan Crystalline zones; it is intruded by leucogranites like the Cambrian Mansehra Granite, so it is pre-Cambrian and tentatively correlated with the ~1850 Ma Iskere Gneiss of the Nanga Parbat area. Unconformably overlain by the Kundalshahi Group. (Distinct from the Oligocene Nari Formation of Sindh/Balochistan.)
• Mesozoic Narmia Member Triassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Nikanai Ghar Formation Triassic under review

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Nilawahan Group Permian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Nisai Limestone Paleogene
  EraPeriodAge
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) + Kazmi & Jan (1997) RESOLVE the age flag: the Nisai Formation yields abundant larger foraminifera indicating an Eocene to Oligocene age, locally extending down to the Paleocene (Miscellanea miscella at Wakabi; Cheema et al. 1977); ~1,200 m at the type section 12 km N of Nisai railway station, unconformable on Cretaceous and older strata, conformably overlain by the Khojak and Nari formations. Age refined from the curated 'Paleocene' to Eocene–Oligocene (locally Paleocene); the anomalous 'Mesozoic–Cenozoic' era badge corrected to Cenozoic.
• Paleozoic Nowshera Formation Devonian
  Age
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) RESOLVES the age flag: conodont studies (Molloy in Talent & Mawson 1979) indicate an Early Devonian age for the Nowshera Formation (reef-complex limestone/dolomite, 595 m, type 3.5 km N of Nowshera); near Nowshera the Late Silurian Panjpir Formation is conformably overlain by the Nowshera Formation. The book explicitly separates the underlying Ordovician Misri Banda Quartzite (Cruziana rugosa, Skolithos; Pogue et al. 1992) and the Middle Ordovician(?)–Late Silurian Panjpir Formation as distinct units — so the previous 'Middle Ordovician to Silurian' age actually belonged to those underlying units. Age corrected to Early Devonian (agrees with Molloy, Talent & Mawson 1997 and Mawson et al. 2003, and with the record's own epoch/period).
• Cenozoic Ormara Formation Neogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Owsi Nala Limestone Silurian
  AgeThicknessThickness (m)
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008): the Owsi (spelled 'Oosi') Nala Limestone is Unit 2 of Khan M.A.'s (1970) Ali Masjid Group in the Ghundai Sar area, Khyber Agency — 30 m of light grey lithographic limestone with shale interbeds and large angular clasts from the underlying Spin Rag Quartzite (soapstone lenses where mafic intrusions occur), unfossiliferous; a Middle to Upper Silurian age is inferred from superposition. Conformably overlies the Spin Rag Quartzite and is conformably overlain by the Kandar Phyllite. Refines the curated 'Silurian'.
  • Thickness (m): Thickness surfaced from the age note: the Owsi (Oosi) Nala Limestone is 30 m of light-grey lithographic limestone with shale interbeds (Kazmi & Abbasi 2008).
• Mesozoic Pab Sandstone Cretaceous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Panjal Formation Carboniferous–Permian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Panjal Group Carboniferous–Permian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Panjgur Formation Paleogene–Neogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Panjpir Formation Ordovician–Silurian
  EraPeriodAge
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) CORRECTION: the Panjpir Formation (type Panjpir Village, Mardan) is Middle Ordovician(?) to Late Silurian (Pogue & Hussain 1986; Ludlovian/Late Silurian conodonts, Talent & Mawson 1979) — it is conformably OVERLAIN by the Early Devonian Nowshera Formation. The previous 'Early Devonian' age was the Nowshera Formation's, mis-applied here; corrected (this also completes the Nowshera-area reconciliation: Misri Banda Qzt = Ordovician, Panjpir = Ord–Silurian, Nowshera = Early Devonian).
• Paleozoic Panjshah Formation Permian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Panoba Formation Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Parh Limestone Cretaceous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Parkini Formation Neogene
  • Geological significance: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) REVISES the earlier (1997-based) rank flag: this newer book treats the Parkini as its own formation — the 'Parkini Formation' of HSC (1960), from Parkini Khaur (a tributary of the Hingol River) — an upper-Miocene slope mudstone that conformably overlies the Panjgur Formation and is transitionally overlain by the Talar Sandstone; it treats Hinglaj as a GROUP, not a formation. So the dataset's formation rank for Parkini is supported here, and the earlier 'Parkini Mudstone Member of the Hinglaj Formation' framing (Kazmi & Jan 1997) is superseded.
• Cenozoic Patala Formation Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Peshmal Schists Cretaceous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Pir Sabak Formation Devonian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Pirkoh Formation Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Purit Formation Cretaceous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Precambrian Rajawal Formation Neoproterozoic
  AgeEraPeriod
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) gap-fill: the Rajawal (Rajwal) Formation (Chaudhry et al. 1986; Kaghan Valley between Mahandri and Batal) comprises Batal quartzites, Paludaran graphitic schist and Rajwal quartzites with quartz-mica-schists, gneisses, pegmatites and granite-gneiss — a subunit of the Kaghan Group, the local equivalent of the Salkhala Formation, considered Late Proterozoic. Overlain by the Jared quartzites (≈ Tanawal Formation).
• Cenozoic Rakhi Gaj Formation Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Rakhshani Formation Cretaceous–Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Ranikot Group Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Rawat Formation Permian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Reshit Formation Jurassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Reshun Formation Cretaceous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Ribat Formation Carboniferous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Saidu Formation Triassic–Jurassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Saindak Formation Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Sakesar Formation Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Precambrian Salkhala Formation Neoproterozoic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Precambrian Salt Range Formation Ediacaran

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Samana Suk Formation Jurassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Sardhai Formation Permian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Precambrian Sargodha Ridge Basement Archean-Proterozoic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Savoia Formation Cretaceous–Paleogene
  AgeEraPeriod
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) gap-fill: the Savoia Formation ('Savoia calc-schist', Desio 1963; Shaksgam/Baltoro) is referred to the Cretaceous–Eocene metamorphic suite, though it is unfossiliferous and Searle regards its age as unknown. Blank age gap-filled to Cretaceous–Eocene (uncertain).
• Mesozoic Sembar Formation Cretaceous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Sewakht Formation Devonian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Shagai Limestone Silurian–Devonian under review
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) COMPETING INTERPRETATION (not applied): the book (Pogue et al. 1999) treats the Shagai Limestone as Precambrian (older than the ~750 Ma Khyber Limestone) and places it in its Precambrian chapter, versus the classic Silurian(?)–Early Devonian age. The curated Silurian–Devonian age is retained (consistent with the adjacent conodont-dated Ali Masjid Formation); the Precambrian reassignment is noted as an unresolved alternative.
• Cenozoic Shagala Formation Paleogene
  • Geological significance: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) CORROBORATES the rank/naming flag: the book treats 'Shaigalu' as the upper Shaigalu Member (sandstone; formerly HSC 1960 'Shaigalu Sandstone') of the Khojak Formation — not a stand-alone 'Shagala Formation/Group'. Reconcile the DB spellings 'Shagala Formation'/'Shagala Group' with the Shaigalu Member of the Khojak Formation.
• Cenozoic Shaheed Ghat Formation Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Precambrian Shahkot Formation Precambrian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Shaigalu Member Paleogene–Neogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Shaksgam Formation Permian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Shamran Volcanic Group Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Precambrian Sharaban Group Neoproterozoic under review

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Precambrian Sharda Group under review

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Precambrian Shekhai Formation Precambrian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Shekhan Formation Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Sheri Gasha Formation Neogene-Quaternary

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Shigar Group Cretaceous–Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Shinawari Formation Jurassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Precambrian Shingus Gneiss Paleoproterozoic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Shirinab Formation Triassic-Jurassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Shittinbar Formation Cretaceous
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008): the Shittinbar Formation (Hunza-Nagar region, Karakoram Metamorphic Complex / Hushe area) is 'a rather monotonous terrigenous formation of dominant sandy and pelitic alternance' (Le Fort & Pecher 2001), mapped over ground also covered by the Darkot Group (Ivanac et al. 1956) and the Chait Formation (Desio 1964). The book gives NO age for it — so the curated 'Cretaceous' is not corroborated here; its Karakoram-metamorphic-complex context suggests an older (Palaeozoic–Mesozoic) unit, flagged for a better-constrained source. Age not changed.
• Paleozoic Shogram Formation Devonian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Singhie Shales Permian
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008): the Singhie Shales (Desio 1963; Singhie Glacier, upper Shaksgam Valley) are a thick sequence of well-cleaved black shales corresponding to the Passu Slates of upper Hunza (also the Shimshal/Baltoro/Rimo shales, Sarpo Laggo slate). The book assigns no explicit stage but, by correlation with the Passu Slate (Permian–Carboniferous), places them in the Permian–Carboniferous — it does not resolve the curated 'Early Permian (Cisuralian)' versus a Carboniferous alternative, so the conflict remains open.
• Mesozoic Sinjrani Volcanic Group Cretaceous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Siwalik Group Neogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Skardu Group Cretaceous–Paleogene
  • Geological significance: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) CORROBORATES the flag: the book recognises no formal 'Skardu Group'. The Skardu-arc succession is formalised as the separate Burji (Upper-Cretaceous-fossil-bearing limestone), Katzarah (~1,500 m metasediments) and Bauma-Harel formations; the only group name in this context is Desio's (1963) Cretaceous–Eocene 'Shigar Group'. Recommend re-mapping the 'Skardu Group' record onto these formations.
• Quaternary Soan Formation Quaternary

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Precambrian Sobrah Formation Precambrian under review

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Sohnari Formation Paleogene
  AgeEraPeriod
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) CORRECTION: the Sohnari Formation (originally the Sohnari Member of the Laki Formation / basal Laki laterite, elevated to formation by Outerbridge 1989) is middle–late Paleocene, not Eocene as previously recorded (unsourced). Age corrected to Late Paleocene (passing up into the earliest Eocene Laki).
• Mesozoic Spingwar Formation Triassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Spinkai Formation Permian
  AgeEraPeriodThicknessThickness (m)
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) gap-fill: the Spinkai Formation (type Spinkai Village, upper Baraghat Nala) is ~90 m of white-to-grey siliceous, dolomitic and cherty limestone with subordinate shale, referred to the Permian on corals (Tahirkheli et al. 1975); gradational lower contact with the Barai Quartzite, faulted upper contact against granite/granite-gneiss. REGION FLAG: the book places this unit in the Khyber Bara Valley, not Waziristan as this record is tagged — a possible name/region collision to reconcile.
  • Thickness (m): Thickness surfaced from the age note: the Spinkai Formation is ~90 m of siliceous, dolomitic and cherty limestone with subordinate shale (Kazmi & Abbasi 2008).
• Paleozoic Staghar Cherty Limestone Permian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Sui Main Limestone Formation Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Sulaiman Group Jurassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Surgun Group Carboniferous–Mesozoic
  EraPeriodAge
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) CORRECTION: the Surgun Group (Malik et al. 1996; Neelum Valley) is the Late Palaeozoic–Mesozoic cover sequence deposited over the Precambrian crystalline basement — not 'Precambrian' as previously recorded (unsourced). Age corrected.
• Precambrian Taguwali Formation Neoproterozoic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Takatu Formation Jurassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Talar Formation Neogene
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008): the Talar Formation (type Talar gorge, south Makran; up to ~5,000 m of soft cross-bedded sandstone, shale, mudstone and shelly limestone) is assigned a Miocene–Pliocene age on molluscs (nannofossils place it in the Pliocene; Harms et al. 1984), transitional over the Parkini Formation and conformably overlain by the Chatti Mudstone. This is broader/younger than the curated 'Late Miocene (Messinian)' (from indplex-geolex) — recorded as a note; the precise lexicon age is retained pending reconciliation.
• Precambrian Tanawal Formation Neoproterozoic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Tekri Formation Jurassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Thalle Limestone Ordovician

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Thelichi Formation Cretaceous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Tobra Formation Permian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Toi Formation Paleogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Tredian Formation Triassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Tupop Formation Cretaceous
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) CORROBORATES the curated Cretaceous age: the Tupop Conglomerate (Gaetani et al. 1993; Kundil and Borom tributaries of the lower Chapursan Valley, upper Hunza) is a thick lithic conglomerate with clasts of limestone, sandstone, quartzite and felsic volcanics plus reworked Permian fusulinids and echinoderm fragments; it lacks age-diagnostic fossils but is bracketed (angular unconformities) between a Jurassic–Early Cretaceous sequence below and the Late Cretaceous (Campanian–early Maastrichtian) ~300 m Darband Formation above, giving an inferred Cretaceous age. The book calls it a 'conglomerate' rather than a 'formation'.
• Paleozoic Twin Valley Member Carboniferous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Precambrian Uch Khattak Formation Precambrian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Vidiakot Formation Ordovician

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Vihowa Formation Neogene

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Cenozoic Vihowa Group Paleogene–Neogene
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) RANK/DUPLICATE FLAG: the book knows only the Vihowa FORMATION (~18–11 Ma, latest Early–Middle Miocene; the lower unit of the Siwalik Group in the Sulaiman foldbelt), not a 'Vihowa Group'. This record duplicates 'vihowa-formation' and its 'Oligocene–Pliocene' range is too broad — recommend merging into the Vihowa Formation.
• Cenozoic Wakai Limestone Paleogene
  • Geological significance: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) REVISES the earlier rank flag: the book does NOT place 'Wakai' in the Kharan Formation; rather, Cheema et al. (1977) subsumed the old HSC (1960) 'Wakai limestone' (a massive, brecciated, reefoid limestone at Wakai/Wakabi) into the Nisai Formation. So the Wakai limestone is best treated as part of the (Eocene–Oligocene) Nisai Formation, not the Kharan Formation.
• Paleozoic Warchha Sandstone Permian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Wargal Limestone Permian
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008): the book dates the Wargal Limestone Late Permian (Late Murgabian to Early Dzhulfian), with the Kalabagh Member forming its top ~30 m — extending into the Late Permian beyond the curated 'Middle Permian (Wordian–Capitanian)'. The unit is best regarded as spanning the Middle–Late Permian; recorded as a note.
• Paleozoic Warran Ghundai Formation Devonian under review
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) DUPLICATE FLAG: the book treats the 'Warren Ghundai Formation' of Khan M.A. (1970) as a junior synonym of the Lowara Mena Formation (Ghundai Sar area, Khyber; Late Devonian–Carboniferous phyllite/limestone), with the senior name Lowara Mena taking precedence. This record and 'lowara-mena-formation' are therefore likely the same unit and should be merged/reconciled. (Consistent with the late Famennian expansa-Zone conodonts reported near Gundhai Sar by Pogue et al. 1992 / Molloy et al. 1997.)
• Mesozoic Wirokhun Formation Triassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Wulgai Formation Triassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Yarkhun Formation Ordovician

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Yashkuk Formation Jurassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Yasin Group Cretaceous

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Zait Limestone Triassic

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Paleozoic Zaluch Group Permian

  Listed as a corroborating source for this unit.

• Mesozoic Zerghar Formation Cretaceous
  • Age: Kazmi & Abbasi (2008): the book describes a 'Zarghar Khel Formation' (Waziristan) of Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous age — differing from this record's Middle–Late Cretaceous (Albian–Campanian) lexicon age and possibly a name/spelling variant. Recorded as a note; the precise lexicon age is retained pending reconciliation.