Mesozoic • Cretaceous group In GSP lexicon

Fort Munro Group

Late Cretaceous

Kirthar Basin · Eastern Kirthar (Sindh)

Cited in 5 sources Last reviewed Jul 18, 2026

Unit summary

Rank: group
Status: Published
Age: Mesozoic · Cretaceous · Late CretaceousLate Cretaceous
Named by: Malkani (2009a)
Type locality: Western flank of Fort Munro anticline (along the Fort Munro - D
Thickness: 44-100 m
Lithology: Marl and shale (Mughal Kot), reefoid limestone (Fort Munro) and sandstone (Pab), with the Vitakri red beds.
Synonyms: Not recorded

The Late Cretaceous Fort Munro Group — Mughal Kot, Fort Munro, Pab and the dinosaur-bearing Vitakri beds.

Late Cretaceous Fort Munro Group The term Fort Munro Group was first time used by Malkani (2009a) for Mughal Kot, Fort Munro, Pab and Vitakri formations. Its type section is Rakhi Gaj and Girdu are in Toposheet K/1. Here only Pab and Vitakri formations are exposed only in the core of Laki anticline. The remaining areas show exposures of Tertiary and Quaternary deposits. 85

Fossils

Not recorded

Contacts

In the Sindh Province column

Shale / mudLimestoneMarlIgneousFossils recordedContact not recordedUnconformity

Band colour = period; texture = dominant rock type. Lines between bands mark the contact type (wavy = unconformity inferred from a missing period); dotted = no contact recorded in the sources (not a claim of conformity). True scale makes height ∝ recorded thickness; hatched = thickness not recorded. Ages approximate, for ordering.

This unit (highlighted) within its province column; faded ends continue above and below. Line style marks the contact type.

Constituent units

Formations that make up this group, in stratigraphic order (youngest at top, as in the column).

Distribution & setting

Sindh Province

Basin: Kirthar Basin
Region: Eastern Kirthar (Sindh)
Depositional environment: marine, marginal marine
Coordinates: Not recorded

Correlation

Not recorded. Compare this unit against other basins on the correlation panel →

Economic significance

Reservoir

The Pab Sandstone is a significant gas reservoir.

Remarks

The Late Cretaceous succession of the Sulaiman/Kirthar region, comprising the Mughal Kot, Fort Munro, Pab and Vitakri formations; includes the Pab Sandstone reservoir and the latest-Maastrichtian Vitakri dinosaur beds.

Research notes (1)

Field-by-field findings drawn from the cited literature. Every statement is traced to a registered source — follow a citation for the full reference.

Name & nomenclature (1)

Attested in Shah (2009), Geological Survey of Pakistan Memoir 22 - the Stratigraphic Committee of Pakistan's compiled lexicon (listed in the memoir's contents). Adds the definitional GSP/SCP lexicon citation. Shah lists this unit as 'Fort Munro Formation'.

Shah, S.M.I. (2009)

Sources (4)

Malkani, M.S. & Mahmood, Z. (2017). Stratigraphy of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Memoir Vol. 24.
Kazmi, A.H. & Jan, M.Q. (1997). Geology and Tectonics of Pakistan. Graphic Publishers, Karachi.
Indian Plate Lexicon (indplex.geolex.org), Geological Society of India and international compilation.
Shah, S.M.I. (2009). Stratigraphy of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Memoir Vol. 22.

Reviewer confidence: high

Every fact on this page is source-cited. This entry is part of the peer-archived Pakistan Stratigraphy Dataset (doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21363991, CC‑BY‑4.0).

Lexicon status: Name attested in the Shah (1977/2009) Geological Survey of Pakistan compilation — the national stratigraphic lexicon. This records where the name is documented; it is not an endorsement of the unit’s definition, age or figures.

Spotted an error? Suggest a sourced correction →

Cite this unit

APA

Qudsi, L. (2026). Fort Munro Group. In Pakistan Stratigraphy Dataset [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21363991

BibTeX

@misc{stratigraphypk_fortmunrogroup,
  author    = {Qudsi, Lareb},
  title     = {{Fort Munro Group} --- Pakistan Stratigraphy Dataset},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.21363991},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21363991}
}

Archived dataset: doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21363991 (CC‑BY‑4.0) · Direct link to this entry: https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/fort-munro-group (accessed October 29, 2026).

To cite the unit's original definition instead, see: Malkani (2009a).

Above · younger

Pab Sandstone

Cretaceous