Paleozoic • Carboniferous–Triassic formation GSP memoir

Duma Formation

Late Carboniferous to Triassic

Northern Indus Suture · Malakand

Carboniferous–Triassic in the time scale →

Cited in 2 sources Last reviewed Jul 31, 2026

Unit summary

Rank: formation
Status: Under review
Age: Paleozoic · Carboniferous–TriassicLate Carboniferous to Triassic
Named by: Not recorded
Type locality: Not recorded
Thickness: Not recorded
Lithology: Not recorded
Synonyms: Not recorded

A poorly characterised formation of the Malakand area, containing the Malandrai Member.

Fossils

Not recorded

Contacts

In the Swat–Malakand column

MixedMetamorphicLimestoneContact not recordedUnconformity

Band colour = period; texture = dominant rock type. Lines between bands mark the contact type (wavy = unconformity inferred from a missing period); dotted = no contact recorded in the sources (not a claim of conformity). True scale makes height ∝ recorded thickness; hatched = thickness not recorded. Ages approximate, for ordering.

This unit (highlighted) within its province column; faded ends continue above and below. Line style marks the contact type.

Distribution & setting

Swat–Malakand

Basin: Northern Indus Suture
Region: Malakand
Depositional environment: Not recorded
Coordinates: Not recorded

Correlation

Not recorded. Compare this unit against other basins on the correlation panel →

Economic significance

Not recorded

Remarks

A formation of the Malakand/Swat area (which includes the Malandrai Member); its lithology and age are not well established in the baseline.

Research notes (1)

Field-by-field findings drawn from the cited literature. Every statement is traced to a registered source — follow a citation for the full reference.

Age & correlation (1)

Kazmi & Abbasi (2008) gap-fill: the Duma Formation (DiPietro et al. 1995, rev. 1999; type Duma Village, ~46 km ENE of Rustam, Indus Gorge) is banded white-to-grey marble (phlogopite/tremolite; local garnetiferous schistose and dolomitic marble) with thin amphibolite layers, comprising a lower Malandrai member, a Duma marble member and an upper Karapa member. Bracketed by the underlying Carboniferous Jafar Kandao Formation and the overlying conodont-bearing Triassic Kashala Formation, it is Late Carboniferous–Triassic (possibly extending to the Cambrian per DiPietro et al. 1999).

Kazmi, A.H. & Abbasi, I.A. (2008)

Sources (2)

Malkani, M.S. & Mahmood, Z. (2017). Stratigraphy of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Memoir Vol. 24.
Kazmi, A.H. & Abbasi, I.A. (2008). Stratigraphy and Historical Geology of Pakistan. Department & National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar. 524 pp. ISBN 978-969-9119.

Reviewer confidence: low

Every fact on this page is source-cited. This entry is part of the peer-archived Pakistan Stratigraphy Dataset (doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21363991, CC‑BY‑4.0).

Lexicon status: Appears in a single-author Geological Survey of Pakistan memoir (Malkani & Mahmood 2017), not cross-confirmed against the Shah lexicon. The Stratigraphic Committee of Pakistan is largely inactive, so documented provenance — not formal ratification — is the available signal.

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Cite this unit

APA

Qudsi, L. (2026). Duma Formation. In Pakistan Stratigraphy Dataset [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21363991

BibTeX

@misc{stratigraphypk_dumaformation,
  author    = {Qudsi, Lareb},
  title     = {{Duma Formation} --- Pakistan Stratigraphy Dataset},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.21363991},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21363991}
}

Archived dataset: doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21363991 (CC‑BY‑4.0) · Direct link to this entry: https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/duma-formation (accessed October 29, 2026).

Referenced in other successions

Overlain by Malandrai Member