Mesozoic • Triassic In GSP lexicon

Borom Formation

Early to Middle Triassic

Triassic in the time scale →

Cited in 6 sources Last reviewed Jul 30, 2026

Unit summary

Rank: Not recorded
Status: Published
Age: Mesozoic · Triassic · Early–Middle TriassicEarly to Middle Triassic
Named by: Gaetani (1990a)
Type locality: Borom valley, about 3.5 km NW of Sost, Chapursan valley, Upper Hunza36.6900°N, 74.8200°E
Thickness: about 300 m
Lithology: Limestone and chert.
Synonyms: Not recorded

An Early–Middle Triassic limestone-and-chert unit above the Wirokhun Formation in upper Hunza.

Named after Borom valley in Chapursan valley, Upper Hunza. Marine carbonate sequence on southern Asian plate margin.

Fossils

Conodonts Foraminifera Neospathodus dieneri Triassospathodus homeri

Contacts

In the Karakoram column

SandstoneLimestoneFossils recordedContact not recorded

Band colour = period; texture = dominant rock type. Lines between bands mark the contact type; dotted = no contact recorded in the sources (not a claim of conformity). True scale makes height ∝ recorded thickness; hatched = thickness not recorded. Ages approximate, for ordering.

This unit (highlighted) within its province column; faded ends continue above and below. Line style marks the contact type.

Distribution & setting

Karakoram

Basin: Not recorded
Region: Not recorded
Depositional environment: marine
Coordinates: 36.6900°N, 74.8200°E

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Correlation

Not recorded. Compare this unit against other basins on the correlation panel →

Economic significance

Not recorded

Remarks

An Early to Middle Triassic limestone–chert unit of the Chapursan area that conformably overlies the Wirokhun Formation.

Research notes (2)

Field-by-field findings drawn from the cited literature. Every statement is traced to a registered source — follow a citation for the full reference.

Name & nomenclature (1)

Attested in Shah (2009), Geological Survey of Pakistan Memoir 22 - the Stratigraphic Committee of Pakistan's compiled lexicon (listed in the memoir's contents). Adds the definitional GSP/SCP lexicon citation.

Shah, S.M.I. (2009)

Age & correlation (1)

Gaetani et al. (2013): conodonts extend the Borom Formation from the late Induan (Dienerian; Neospathodus dieneri) through the late Olenekian (Triassospathodus homeri), earliest Anisian/Aegean (Neogondolella regale), late Ladinian (Budurovignathus diebeli–mostleri; Daonella cf. indica) into the early Carnian (first Paragondolella polygnathiformis) — i.e. reaching the Late Triassic, beyond the curated Early–Middle Triassic span. The unit accumulated <200 m over ~25 Myr (<8 m/Myr, an underfed slope basin), thinner than the ~300 m curated thickness; CAI 5.

Gaetani, M., Nicora, A., Henderson, C., Cirilli, S., Gale, L., Rettori, R., Vuolo, I. & Atudorei, V. (2013)

Sources (5)

Malkani, M.S. & Mahmood, Z. (2017). Stratigraphy of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Memoir Vol. 24.
Kazmi, A.H. & Jan, M.Q. (1997). Geology and Tectonics of Pakistan. Graphic Publishers, Karachi.
OpenStreetMap contributors and GEOnet Names Server (public geographic gazetteers), used to geolocate named GSP type localities to approximate decimal coordinates.
Shah, S.M.I. (2009). Stratigraphy of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Memoir Vol. 22.
Gaetani, M., Nicora, A., Henderson, C., Cirilli, S., Gale, L., Rettori, R., Vuolo, I. & Atudorei, V. (2013). Refinements in the Upper Permian to Lower Jurassic stratigraphy of Karakorum, Pakistan. Facies, 59, 915-948.

Reviewer confidence: high

Every fact on this page is source-cited. This entry is part of the peer-archived Pakistan Stratigraphy Dataset (doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21363991, CC‑BY‑4.0).

Lexicon status: Name attested in the Shah (1977/2009) Geological Survey of Pakistan compilation — the national stratigraphic lexicon. This records where the name is documented; it is not an endorsement of the unit’s definition, age or figures.

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Cite this unit

APA

Qudsi, L. (2026). Borom Formation. In Pakistan Stratigraphy Dataset [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21363991

BibTeX

@misc{stratigraphypk_boromformation,
  author    = {Qudsi, Lareb},
  title     = {{Borom Formation} --- Pakistan Stratigraphy Dataset},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.21363991},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21363991}
}

Archived dataset: doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21363991 (CC‑BY‑4.0) · Direct link to this entry: https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/borom-formation (accessed October 29, 2026).

To cite the unit's original definition instead, see: Gaetani (1990a).

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