Mesozoic • Triassic formation In GSP lexicon

Landai Formation

Triassic

Northern Indus Suture · Malakand

Cited in 3 sources Last reviewed Jul 18, 2026

Unit summary

Rank: formation
Status: Published
Age: Mesozoic · TriassicTriassic
Named by: DiPietro et al. (1999)
Type locality: Not recorded
Thickness: Not recorded
Lithology: Not recorded
Synonyms: Not recorded

A Triassic unit of the Swat area.

Landai formation is named by DiPietro et al. (1999) for amphibolite, garnetiferous schistose marble and white to grey marble occurs east of Indus river, SE of Besham. Sharp contact with Mansehra granite and an unconformable or faulted contact with underlying Tanawal formation, eastward in contact with Banna formation. DiPietro et al. (1999) mentioned the similarity with Kashala and Duma formations and may be Late Paleozoic to Triassic in age.

Fossils

Not recorded

Contacts

In the Swat–Malakand column

MetamorphicMixedFossils recordedContact not recordedUnconformity

Band colour = period; texture = dominant rock type. Lines between bands mark the contact type (wavy = unconformity inferred from a missing period); dotted = no contact recorded in the sources (not a claim of conformity). True scale makes height ∝ recorded thickness; hatched = thickness not recorded. Ages approximate, for ordering.

This unit (highlighted) within its province column; faded ends continue above and below. Line style marks the contact type.

Distribution & setting

Swat–Malakand

Basin: Northern Indus Suture
Region: Malakand
Depositional environment: Not recorded
Coordinates: Not recorded

Correlation

Not recorded. Compare this unit against other basins on the correlation panel →

Economic significance

Not recorded

Remarks

A Triassic unit of the Swat/Indus syntaxis area (DiPietro et al., 1999).

Research notes (1)

Field-by-field findings drawn from the cited literature. Every statement is traced to a registered source — follow a citation for the full reference.

Name & nomenclature (1)

Attested in Shah (2009), Geological Survey of Pakistan Memoir 22 - the Stratigraphic Committee of Pakistan's compiled lexicon (listed in the memoir's contents). Adds the definitional GSP/SCP lexicon citation.

Shah, S.M.I. (2009)

Sources (2)

Malkani, M.S. & Mahmood, Z. (2017). Stratigraphy of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Memoir Vol. 24.
Shah, S.M.I. (2009). Stratigraphy of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Memoir Vol. 22.

Reviewer confidence: medium

Every fact on this page is source-cited. This entry is part of the peer-archived Pakistan Stratigraphy Dataset (doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21363991, CC‑BY‑4.0).

Lexicon status: Name attested in the Shah (1977/2009) Geological Survey of Pakistan compilation — the national stratigraphic lexicon. This records where the name is documented; it is not an endorsement of the unit’s definition, age or figures.

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Cite this unit

APA

Qudsi, L. (2026). Landai Formation. In Pakistan Stratigraphy Dataset [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21363991

BibTeX

@misc{stratigraphypk_landaiformation,
  author    = {Qudsi, Lareb},
  title     = {{Landai Formation} --- Pakistan Stratigraphy Dataset},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.21363991},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21363991}
}

Archived dataset: doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21363991 (CC‑BY‑4.0) · Direct link to this entry: https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/landai-formation (accessed October 29, 2026).

To cite the unit's original definition instead, see: DiPietro et al. (1999).

Below · older

Tanawal Formation

Neoproterozoic