Quaternary • Quaternary In GSP lexicon

Lei Conglomerate

Pliocene-Pleistocene

Cited in 7 sources Last reviewed Jul 18, 2026

Unit summary

Rank: Not recorded
Status: Published
Age: Quaternary · Quaternary · Pliocene-PleistocenePliocene-Pleistocene
Named by: Gill (1952)
Type locality: Lei Nala, Potwar Plateau33.6007°N, 73.0679°E
Thickness: 100-300 m
Lithology: Boulder conglomerate, coarse gravel, sandstone
Synonyms: Boulder Conglomerate; Mirpur Conglomerate; Kakra Conglomerate

A very coarse boulder-and-gravel deposit capping the Potwar Siwaliks - the debris shed by fast-rising Himalayan foothills in Plio-Pleistocene times. It was formerly called the Boulder Conglomerate.

Named after Lei Nala. Also known as Mirpur or Kakra Conglomerate. Lower unit of the Soan Group. Coarse alluvial fan deposits recording rapid Himalayan uplift.

Fossils

Mammal fossils Stegodon Early Paleolithic artifacts

Contacts

In the Potwar Basin column

ConglomerateSandstoneFossils recordedConformable

Band colour = period; texture = dominant rock type. Lines between bands mark the contact type. True scale makes height ∝ recorded thickness; hatched = thickness not recorded. Ages approximate, for ordering.

This unit (highlighted) within its province column; faded ends continue above and below. Line style marks the contact type.

Distribution & setting

Potwar Basin Kohat Basin

Basin: Not recorded
Region: Not recorded
Depositional environment: alluvial fan, fluvial, continental
Coordinates: 33.6007°N, 73.0679°E

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Correlation

Not recorded. Compare this unit against other basins on the correlation panel →

Economic significance

Not recorded

Remarks

The coarse boulder-conglomerate at the top of the Upper Siwalik (Soan Group) of the Potwar, named 'Lei Conglomerate' by Gill (1952) for deposits formerly called the 'Boulder Conglomerate' of De Terra and Pilgrim. Its bouldery alluvial-fan and braided-river gravels record rapid late-Pliocene to Pleistocene unroofing of the frontal Himalayan ranges along the Main Boundary Thrust.

Sources (6)

Malkani, M.S. & Mahmood, Z. (2017). Stratigraphy of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Memoir Vol. 24.
OpenStreetMap contributors and GEOnet Names Server (public geographic gazetteers), used to geolocate named GSP type localities to approximate decimal coordinates.
Kazmi, A.H. & Jan, M.Q. (1997). Geology and Tectonics of Pakistan. Graphic Publishers, Karachi.
Indian Plate Lexicon (indplex.geolex.org), Geological Society of India and international compilation.
Shah, S.M.I. (2009). Stratigraphy of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Memoir Vol. 22.
Gill, W.D. (1951). The stratigraphy of the Siwalik Series in the Northern Potwar, Punjab, Pakistan. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 107, 375-394.

Reviewer confidence: high

Every fact on this page is source-cited. This entry is part of the peer-archived Pakistan Stratigraphy Dataset (doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21363991, CC‑BY‑4.0).

Lexicon status: Name attested in the Shah (1977/2009) Geological Survey of Pakistan compilation — the national stratigraphic lexicon. This records where the name is documented; it is not an endorsement of the unit’s definition, age or figures.

Cite this unit

APA

Qudsi, L. (2026). Lei Conglomerate. In Pakistan Stratigraphy Dataset [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21363991

BibTeX

@misc{stratigraphypk_leiconglomerate,
  author    = {Qudsi, Lareb},
  title     = {{Lei Conglomerate} --- Pakistan Stratigraphy Dataset},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.21363991},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21363991}
}

Archived dataset: doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21363991 (CC‑BY‑4.0) · Direct link to this entry: https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/lei-conglomerate (accessed September 5, 2026).

To cite the unit's original definition instead, see: Gill (1952).

Below · older

Dhok Pathan Formation

Neogene

Above · younger

Soan Formation

Quaternary