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Pakistan Stratigraphy

Basin

Khyber-Hazara-Kashmir Basin (Uppermost Indus)

4 provinces · 88 formations

This reference records 88 units across 4 provinces of the Khyber-Hazara-Kashmir Basin (Uppermost Indus), spanning 4 geological eras and most commonly metamorphic rocks, limestone, conglomerate.

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At a glance

88
units
4
provinces
4
eras
40
georeferenced
29
with fossils
73
type localities
4,000 m
max thickness
81
sources

Rock types

  • metamorphic rocks (33)
  • limestone (21)
  • conglomerate (11)
  • sandstone (5)
  • evaporite (3)
  • igneous rocks (2)
  • shale/mudstone (1)

Based on the primary lithology recorded for each unit; some units span more than one rock type.

Fossils recorded

  • Stromatolites (rare)
  • Stromatolites
  • Trace fossils
  • Hyolithids
  • Megalodont bivalves
  • Gastropods
  • Foraminifera
  • Plant fossils
  • Coal traces
  • Freshwater bivalves
  • Ammonites
  • Bivalves
  • Corals
  • Brachiopods
  • Echinoids
  • Algae
  • Globotruncana lapparenti
  • Globotruncana linneiana
  • Dicarinella carinata
  • Rugoglobigerina rugosa
  • Heterohelix globulosa
  • Globotruncanita stuartiformis
  • Rare plant fossils
  • Miscellanea miscella

+45 more across the Khyber-Hazara-Kashmir Basin (Uppermost Indus) units.

Provinces

4

Hazara Basin

37

Himalayan fold-thrust belt, syntaxial zone

Azad Kashmir

12

Himalayan syntaxis and foreland

Khyber–Nowshera Belt

27

Northern Indus Suture; Peshawar-basin margin, Lesser Himalayan affinity

Swat–Malakand

17

Lesser Himalayan metasedimentary belt, Indian-plate affinity

Stratigraphic column

The Khyber-Hazara-Kashmir Basin (Uppermost Indus) units placed in age order (units without a resolvable age are omitted). Toggle readable vs true-scale, and use Download to export any section as SVG or PNG for a figure.

Khyber-Hazara-Kashmir Basin (Uppermost Indus) — stratigraphic column
  1. Murree FormationFossils recordedNeogene
  2. Hangu FormationFossils recordedPaleogene
  3. Lockhart LimestoneFossils recordedPaleogene
  4. Nammal FormationFossils recordedPaleogene
  5. Sakesar FormationFossils recordedPaleogene
  6. Chorgali FormationFossils recordedPaleogene
  7. Kuldana FormationFossils recordedPaleogene
  8. Margala Hill LimestoneFossils recordedPaleogene
  9. Kawagarh FormationFossils recordedCretaceous
  10. Indus FormationFossils recordedCretaceous
  11. Makai LimestoneCretaceous
  12. Chichali FormationFossils recordedJurassic-Cretaceous
  13. Datta FormationFossils recordedJurassic
  14. Shinawari FormationFossils recordedJurassic
  15. Samana Suk FormationFossils recordedJurassic
  16. Saidu FormationTriassic–Jurassic
  17. Kingriali FormationFossils recordedTriassic
  18. Kashala FormationFossils recordedTriassic
  19. Landai FormationTriassic
  20. Nikanai Ghar FormationTriassic
  21. Burawai FormationCarboniferous–Triassic
  22. Duma FormationCarboniferous–Triassic
  23. Mekhband FormationPermian
  24. Spinkai FormationPermian
  25. Khyber LimestoneFossils recordedCarboniferous–Permian
  26. Panjal FormationCarboniferous–Permian
  27. Panjal GroupCarboniferous–Permian
  28. Sikaram SeriesSilurian–Triassic
  29. Chushal FormationCarboniferous
  30. Lowara Mena FormationCarboniferous
  31. Malandrai MemberCarboniferous
  32. Marghazar FormationCarboniferous
  33. Surgun GroupCarboniferous–Mesozoic
  34. Sherwan FormationFossils recordedCarboniferous
  35. Jafar Kandao FormationFossils recordedDevonian–Carboniferous
  36. Ali Masjid FormationFossils recordedDevonian–Carboniferous
  37. Karapa Greenschist
  38. Alpurai Group
  39. Bampokha Group
  40. Darwaza Formation
  41. Lwarani Mela LimestoneLate Paleozoic
  42. Naran Formation
  43. Nowshera FormationFossils recordedDevonian
  44. Ghundai Sar FormationFossils recordedDevonian
  45. Inzari LimestoneDevonian
  46. Pir Sabak FormationFossils recordedDevonian
  47. Warran Ghundai FormationDevonian
  48. Daradar DolomiteSilurian–Devonian
  49. Spinghar QuartziteSilurian–Devonian
  50. Shagai LimestoneSilurian–Devonian
  51. Tursak FormationSilurian–Devonian
  52. Owsi Nala LimestoneSilurian
  53. Panjpir FormationFossils recordedOrdovician–Silurian
  54. Landikotal FormationOrdovician–Silurian
  55. Mansehra GraniteOrdovician
  56. Misri Banda QuartziteFossils recordedOrdovician
  57. Hisartang FormationOrdovician
  58. Jobra FormationFossils recordedOrdovician
  59. Abbottabad FormationFossils recordedCambrian
  60. Hazira FormationFossils recordedCambrian
  61. Ambar FormationCambrian
  62. Manglaur FormationEdiacaran
  63. Hazara FormationFossils recordedNeoproterozoic
  64. Tanawal FormationNeoproterozoic
  65. Tanaki Boulder BedNeoproterozoic
  66. Salkhala FormationNeoproterozoic
  67. Kundalshahi GroupNeoproterozoic
  68. Langrial LimestoneNeoproterozoic
  69. Rajawal FormationNeoproterozoic
  70. Gandaf FormationProterozoic
  71. Banna FormationPrecambrian
  72. Kaghan Group
  73. Karora Formation
  74. Mahandri FormationPrecambrian
  75. Manglour Formation
  76. Miranjani LimestonePrecambrian
  77. Naril GroupPrecambrian
  78. Shahkot FormationPrecambrian
  79. Sharda Group
  80. Shekhai FormationPrecambrian
  81. Sobrah FormationPrecambrian
  82. Uch Khattak FormationPrecambrian
  83. Manki FormationPrecambrian
  84. Mangla GneissPaleoproterozoic
  85. Kishar FormationPaleoproterozoic
  86. Besham GroupArchean-Paleoproterozoic
SandstoneLimestoneShale / mudMixedMetamorphicIgneousConglomerateFossils recordedContact not recordedConformableUnconformityIntrusive

Band colour = period; texture = dominant rock type. Lines between bands mark the contact type (wavy = unconformity inferred from a missing period); dotted = no contact recorded in the sources (not a claim of conformity). True scale makes height ∝ recorded thickness; hatched = thickness not recorded. Ages approximate, for ordering.

Unordered units (2 — no assigned age)

Units in this basin

88

Cenozoic8

Mesozoic12

Paleozoic41

Precambrian25

Igneous · metamorphic · unclassified2