Source provenance
Gee, E.R. (edited by Gee, D.G.) (1989). Overview of the geology and structure of the Salt Range, with observations on related areas of northern Pakistan. In: Malinconico, L.L. & Lillie, R.J. (eds) Tectonics of the Western Himalayas. Geological Society of America Special Paper 232, 95-112.
Cited by 19 units (19 published) · 14 field-level citations · 8 revision notes.
Authoritative synthesis of E.R. Gee's 1930s resurvey of the Salt Range. Table 1 gives the full Eocambrian-to-Recent sequence with each unit's earlier/equivalent name and the group framework: Jhelum Group (Khewra, Kussak, Jutana, Baghanwala), Nilawahan Group (Tobra, Dandot, Warchha, Sardhai), Zaluch Group (Amb, Wargal, Chhidru = Lower/Middle/Upper Productus Limestone), Musa Khel Group (Mianwali, Tredian, Kingriali), Baroch Group (Datta, Shinawari, Samana Suk), Surghar Group (Chichali, Lumshiwal). Documents four major unconformities (base-Permian, base-Tertiary, base-Miocene Rawalpindi Group, base-Kalabagh Conglomerate), the Eocambrian saliferous Salt Range Formation (~1000 m; ~900 m over Precambrian basement in the Karampur borehole), the Khewra Trap lava, and the >=20 km Salt Range decollement.
This page is the reverse of each unit's per-field citations — it shows exactly what this reference supports, making the dataset's “no source, no fact” rule browsable both ways.
Units citing this source
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- Synonyms: Gee (1989): the Chhidru Formation was the 'Upper Productus Limestone' of earlier usage — the uppermost formation of the Late Permian Zaluch Group (Amb–Wargal–Chhidru).
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- Member units: Gee (1989): the Jutana Formation (former 'Magnesian Sandstone') is one of the four Cambrian formations of the Jhelum Group (Khewra, Kussak, Jutana, Baghanwala) overlying the Eocambrian Salt Range Formation.
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- Member units: Gee (1989): the Early Permian Nilawahan Group of the Salt Range comprises, in ascending order, the Tobra, Dandot, Warchha and Sardhai formations — glacial to shallow-marine and continental clastics deposited after the base-Permian unconformity.
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- Thickness: Gee (1989): the saliferous Salt Range Formation is of uncertain but probably ~1,000 m thickness. In the Karampur borehole (about 29 deg 59 min N, 72 deg 22 min E; 280 km south of the range) it is ~900 m thick and directly overlies an igneous-metamorphic Precambrian basement at ~2,100 m depth — a sequence comparable to the Salt Range.
- Geological significance: Gee (1989): the Eocambrian Salt Range Formation (formerly the 'Punjab Saline Series') is the incompetent detachment horizon on which the whole overlying pile was thrust southward — a decollement determined by seismic reflection to involve at least 20 km of displacement. Its top gypsiferous stage locally carries the 'Khewra Trap', a much-weathered lava flow, in the eastern part of the range. It correlates with certain Vindhyan formations of NW India (Gee 1945).
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- Synonyms: Gee (1989): the Sardhai Formation was formerly the 'Lavender Clays' — dark purple and lavender clays with subordinate sandstones, the uppermost formation of the Early Permian Nilawahan Group.
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- Geological significance: Gee (1989): the Early Permian Tobra Formation (former 'Talchir Conglomerates') is a fluvio-glacial conglomerate marking the base-of-Permian major unconformity — it oversteps the Cambrian westward and northward to rest directly on the Salt Range Formation in the western range. Overlying clastics carry a Gangamopteris–Glossopteris (Gondwana) flora, recording the range's connection with the Gondwana continent; boulders are mainly igneous or metamorphic.
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- Member units: Gee (1989): the Late Permian Zaluch Group of the Salt Range comprises the Amb, Wargal and Chhidru formations — the 'Lower', 'Middle' and 'Upper Productus Limestone' of earlier usage — a predominantly calcareous, fossil-rich (coral, bryozoa, brachiopod, mollusc) succession.