Source provenance

Gaetani, M., Nicora, A., Henderson, C., Cirilli, S., Gale, L., Rettori, R., Vuolo, I. & Atudorei, V. (2013). Refinements in the Upper Permian to Lower Jurassic stratigraphy of Karakorum, Pakistan. Facies, 59, 915-948.

Cited by 9 units (9 published) · 4 field-level citations · 9 revision notes.

Reviewer-supplied. Conodont- and foraminifer-calibrated refinement of the Upper Permian to Lower Jurassic succession of the Northern Karakorum Terrain (Chapursan basinal and Baroghil-Darwaz platform domains). Dates the Kundil (Lopingian), Wirokhun (Induan/Griesbachian), Borom (late Induan to early Carnian), Aghil (early Carnian to Norian-Rhaetian platform), Ashtigar (Late Triassic) and Yashkuk (Pliensbachian) formations, plus the Ailak and Darwaz An platform units; brackets Cimmerian deformation between the latest Triassic and the Pliensbachian.

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Units citing this source

• Mesozoic Aghil Limestone Triassic–Jurassic
  • Age: Gaetani et al. (2013): the Aghil carbonate platform began prograding over the basinal Borom Formation in the early Carnian; benthic foraminifera date Member B (Aulotortus friedli, Agathammina austroalpina, Miliolipora cuvillieri) as Norian–Rhaetian and Member C (Trocholina crassa, Duotaxis birmanica) as Norian, with the topmost part drowned in the latest Triassic — a Late Triassic (Carnian–Rhaetian) platform rather than the curated 'Middle Triassic to Early Jurassic'. Studied in the Ashtigar gully as three informal members: A (~150–200 m recrystallized dolostone), B (~150 m megalodontid-rich dolostone/limestone) and C (~60 m nodular limestone to radiolarian wackestone).
• Mesozoic Ailak Formation Triassic
  • Age: Gaetani et al. (2013): in the Baroghil (Lashkargaz–Baroghil) platform succession the Ailak Formation is a ~500–600 m peritidal dolostone unit whose lower grey part is Late Permian (fusulinids Nankinella and Sphaerulina with the dasyclad alga Permocalculus; Leven et al. 2007) and whose upper whitish stromatolitic part is Triassic (about 40–50% of the unit), consistent with the curated Late Permian–Late Triassic span. Deep karst infillings (up to ~100 m) with volcanic/metamorphic quartz mark platform emersion, possibly Cimmerian peripheral-bulge uplift.
• Mesozoic Ashtigar Formation Jurassic
  Thickness
  • Age: Gaetani et al. (2013): the Ashtigar Formation yields Late Triassic benthic foraminifera ('Trochammina' jaunensis, Aulotortus sinuosus, Miliolipora cuvillieri), but because these occur only in reworked clasts a Jurassic age is not excluded; the curated Early Jurassic (Liassic) age is retained. It comprises basal dark shale/siltstone passing up into marly shale with fine turbidites carrying oceanic-subduction-complex debris (radiolarian chert, chlorite/serpentine schist, basalt), and is overlain with a gentle angular unconformity by the Yashkuk Formation.
• Mesozoic Borom Formation Triassic
  • Age: Gaetani et al. (2013): conodonts extend the Borom Formation from the late Induan (Dienerian; Neospathodus dieneri) through the late Olenekian (Triassospathodus homeri), earliest Anisian/Aegean (Neogondolella regale), late Ladinian (Budurovignathus diebeli–mostleri; Daonella cf. indica) into the early Carnian (first Paragondolella polygnathiformis) — i.e. reaching the Late Triassic, beyond the curated Early–Middle Triassic span. The unit accumulated <200 m over ~25 Myr (<8 m/Myr, an underfed slope basin), thinner than the ~300 m curated thickness; CAI 5.
• Mesozoic Darwaz An Formation Jurassic
  • Age: Gaetani et al. (2013): the Darwaz An Formation (Zanchi & Gaetani 2011) is the dark grey limestone forming a strip just east of the Darwaz An, transgressively overlying the top of the Ailak dolostone and structurally underlying the overthrusted Devonian Chilmarabad dolostones. A few metres of well-sorted grey-brown subquartzarenites at the base mark the transgression after emersion of the Ailak platform, overlain by medium-bedded grey mudstone-wackestone (fragmentary bivalves, turriculate gastropods) with an oligotypic foraminiferal assemblage of Amijiella amiji (Hauraniidae), passing up into recrystallized bioclastic packstone crowded with large-to-giant bivalves up to 40 cm long (isognomonids, ostreids resembling Mytiloperna sp., and Liostrea) — a Lithiotis-facies typical of the Tethyan Lower Jurassic (cf. the Calcari Grigi Formation of the Southern Alps). Preserved thickness slightly less than 100 m. Amijiella amiji gives a Sinemurian-Bathonian range, but the Lithiotis facies is usually Pliensbachian — consistent with the curated Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian) age. Adds the primary descriptive source (previously carried only on Zanchi & Gaetani 2011).
• Paleozoic Kundil Formation Permian
  Thickness
  • Age: Gaetani et al. (2013): conodonts refine the Kundil Formation to the Lopingian — late Wuchiapingian (Iranognathus sosioensis, Clarkina liangshanensis, C. orientalis) through early–mid Changhsingian (C. changxingensis, C. subcarinata) to late Changhsingian, with the very top yielding C. abadehensis + C. hauschkei (the last two Changhsingian conodont zones). The deep-water cherty limestone was formerly assigned to the latest Permian only (Gaetani et al. 1995) and is here emended; CAI 5. The Permian–Triassic boundary is drawn at the Kundil–Wirokhun contact.
• Paleozoic Lupghar Formation Permian
  • Age: Gaetani et al. (2013), citing Gaetani et al. (1995): shallow-water carbonate intercalations prevailed during the Artinskian in the Lupghar Formation, with a sedimentary gap recognised toward the top of the Lower Permian — consistent with the curated Early Permian (Artinskian) assignment.
• Mesozoic Wirokhun Formation Triassic
  Thickness
  • Age: Gaetani et al. (2013): the Wirokhun Formation is mostly Induan (Griesbachian), with the Permian–Triassic boundary in its lowermost part; the first Triassic conodonts appear ~3 m above the base. A Hindeodus parvus → Isarcicella isarcica succession defines early Griesbachian (Parvus Zone) to late Griesbachian (Staschei/Isarcica zones); Early Triassic pioneer palynomorphs (Lundbladispora brevicula, Densoisporites nejburgi) co-occur with rare reworked Permian forms. The lowermost Triassic records a large negative δ13C excursion; earliest-Triassic sedimentation rate >20 m/Myr; CAI 5.
• Mesozoic Yashkuk Formation Jurassic
  Thickness
  • Age: Gaetani et al. (2013): the base of the Yashkuk Formation is dated as Pliensbachian (Early Jurassic; Gaetani et al. 1993), consistent with the curated Early Jurassic assignment. Its basal erosional contact and gentle angular unconformity seal the mildly folded Ashtigar shale, so the molassic Yashkuk clastics bracket Cimmerian deformation between the latest Triassic and the Pliensbachian.