Source provenance

Munir, M.H., Baig, M.S. & Mirza, K. (2006). Upper Cretaceous of Hazara and Paleogene biostratigraphy of Azad Kashmir, North West Himalayas, Pakistan. Geological Bulletin of the Punjab University, 40-41, 69-87.

Cited by 7 units (7 published) · 0 field-level citations · 7 revision notes.

Micropalaeontology of 23 sections (>1000 samples) through the Kawagarh, Hangu, Lockhart, Patala, Margala Hill, Chorgali and Kuldana formations of Hazara and Azad Kashmir. Planktonic foraminifera date the Kawagarh Formation as Coniacian–Campanian (outer-neritic); a Maastrichtian–Danian regression gives the Hangu laterite/bauxite residual facies (K–T interval); a second transgression deposits the Late Paleocene–Early Eocene shallow-shelf carbonates and shales (Lockhart, Patala, Margala Hill, Chorgali), with the P/E boundary at the Patala/Margala Hill contact; the Middle Eocene (Lutetian) Kuldana Formation records final Neotethys closure before Murree molasse.

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Units citing this source

• Cenozoic Chorgali Formation Paleogene
  • Depositional environment: Munir et al. (2006): Early Eocene thin-bedded flaggy argillaceous limestone, marl and greenish-grey shale with pressure-dissolution (fitted) fabrics; Assilina granulosa/spinosa, Nummulites atacicus, Orbitolites complanatus, Dictyoconus indicus and Coskinolina balsillei indicate a restricted shallow shelf with tidal flats and coastal shoals.
• Cenozoic Hangu Formation Paleogene
  • Lithology: Munir et al. (2006): a lower residual facies (laterite, pisolitic bauxite, flint clay, brecciated quartzite) rests unconformably on the Kawagarh Formation in Hazara or on the Cambrian Abbottabad Formation in Azad Kashmir, overlain by lagoonal-to-estuarine sandstone, carbonaceous shale and thin coal (1–26 m); the unit spans the Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) boundary interval.
• Mesozoic Kawagarh Formation Cretaceous
  • Age: Planktonic-foraminiferal biostratigraphy in Hazara (Munir et al., 2006): Dicarinella carinata, Globotruncana linneiana / elevata–calcarata / fornicata / concavata, Rugoglobigerina rugosa and Heterohelix spp. indicate a Coniacian–Campanian age; deposited on an outer-neritic open-marine shelf (sublithographic, chopboard-weathering limestone).
• Cenozoic Kuldana Formation Paleogene
  • Depositional environment: Munir et al. (2006): Middle Eocene (Lutetian) variegated shales, gypsiferous clays, calcareous paleosols, oyster lumachelles and cross-bedded sandstone; Assilina dandotica/granulosa, Nummulites atacicus/mamillatus, oyster beds and terrestrial/aquatic mammal remains indicate brackish bays, coastal lagoons and floodplains recording the final closure of the Neotethys, overlain diachronously by Murree molasse.
• Cenozoic Lockhart Limestone Paleogene
  • Lithology: Munir et al. (2006): massive nodular dark-grey fetid limestone with flaser bedding and marly partings; microfauna Lockhartia haimei/tipperi/conditi, Miscellanea miscella, Daviesina langhami, Ranikothalia sindensis, Actinosiphon tibetica and Operculina salsa indicate a Late Paleocene warm shallow (inner-neritic) carbonate platform.
• Cenozoic Margala Hill Limestone Paleogene
  • Age: Munir et al. (2006): Early Eocene (Ypresian) thick-bedded to massive nodular fetid limestone rich in larger foraminifera — Nummulites atacicus, N. mamillatus, Assilina granulosa/spinosa/laminosa/subspinosa and Rotalia trochidiformis; its base marks the Paleocene–Eocene boundary (first appearance of N. atacicus and N. mamillatus; extinction of Miscellanea miscella and Lockhartia haimei).
• Cenozoic Patala Formation Paleogene
  • Lithology: Munir et al. (2006): Late Paleocene khaki-to-dark-grey splintery shales with nodular limestone, marl and workable coal; fauna Lockhartia haimei/conditi, Miscellanea miscella, Ranikothalia nuttalli, Operculina patalensis and Discocyclina ranikotensis; cyclic sedimentation in oscillating shelf lagoons and delta-swamps. The Paleocene–Eocene boundary is placed at the Patala/Margala Hill contact.