Source provenance
Ghazi, S., Mountney, N.P., Butt, A.A. & Sharif, S. (2012). Stratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental framework of the Early Permian sequence in the Salt Range, Pakistan. Journal of Earth System Science, 121(5), 1239-1255.
Cited by 5 units (5 published) · 35 field-level citations · 12 revision notes.
FULL TEXT REVIEWED (reviewer-supplied PDF, J. Earth Syst. Sci. 121(5), 1239-1255). Defines the Early Permian Nilawahan Group (~350 m, Salt Range) as four formations with stage-level ages: Tobra (Asselian; tillite/diamictite, Glossopteris-Gangamopteris flora; = former Talchir Boulder Bed), Dandot (Sakmarian; ~50 m at type locality Dandot; Eurydesma-Conularia-Discina-Martiniopsis-Chonetes-Neochonetes fauna; = former Conularia Beds / Dandot Group), Warchha Sandstone (Artinskian; 30 m east to 155 m west; meandering-fluvial to coastal/estuarine; = former speckled sandstone; proposed type section Matan 72°41'38"E 32°39'46"N, ref. section Karuli), Sardhai (Kungurian; shallow-marine grey-lavender shale; type section Sardhai Gorge). Group bounded below by unconformity on Cambrian and above by unconformity beneath the Zaluch Group (Amb Formation).
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Units citing this source
- Lower contact (overlies)Upper contact (underlies)Depositional environmentPlain summaryGeological significanceThickness (m)FossilsSynonymsThickness
- Age: Ghazi et al. (2012), full text: the Dandot Formation is Sakmarian, marginal-marine, gradational above the Tobra Formation and unconformable below the Warchha Sandstone. ~50 m thick at its type locality in the Dandot area, eastern Salt Range (Fatmi 1973; Shah 1977). Correlates with the Pebbley Beach Formation (Sydney Basin, Australia).
- Fossils: Ghazi et al. (2012): documented Dandot fauna — Eurydesma, Conularia, Discina, Martiniopsis, Chonetes, Neochonetes (Waagen 1883; Reed 1944; Waterhouse 1970; Fatmi 1973). Replaces the generic 'Brachiopods/Bryozoans' placeholder.
- Thickness: Ghazi et al. (2012), full text: 50 m thick at the type locality in the Dandot area, eastern Salt Range (Fatmi 1973; Shah 1977). Updates the earlier 35 m mid-range estimate to the cited type-locality value.
- Thickness (m)ThicknessMember unitsLower contact (overlies)Upper contact (underlies)
- Member units: Ghazi et al. (2012), full text: the Nilawahan Group (~350 m, Early Permian, Salt Range) comprises FOUR formations in ascending order — Tobra (Asselian), Dandot (Sakmarian), Warchha Sandstone (Artinskian), Sardhai (Kungurian). Adds the Dandot Formation, which was missing from the members list.
- Lower contact (overlies): Ghazi et al. (2012): the Nilawahan Group unconformably overlies the Cambrian sequence (uppermost Cambrian = Baghanwala Formation) after a prolonged Palaeozoic non-deposition, and is unconformably overlain by the Tethyan shallow-marine carbonates of the Zaluch Group (basal unit Amb Formation).
- AgeType localityLower contact (overlies)Upper contact (underlies)Depositional environmentPlain summaryGeological significance
- Age: CORRECTION — Ghazi et al. (2012), full text: the Sardhai Formation is KUNGURIAN, the uppermost unit of the Nilawahan Group, not Sakmarian-Artinskian as previously recorded. Shallow-marine grey/greenish-grey/lavender shale with thin siltstone and glauconitic sandstone. Unconformably overlies the Warchha Sandstone and is unconformably overlain by the Amb Formation (Zaluch Group). Correlates with the Barren Measures and Motur formations (India).
- Type locality: Ghazi et al. (2012): type section at Sardhai Gorge, central Salt Range (name proposed by Hussain 1967; accepted as the SCP type section, Fatmi 1973).
- Upper contact (underlies)Depositional environmentPlain summaryGeological significanceFossilsSynonyms
- Age: Ghazi et al. (2012), full text: the Tobra Formation is largely Asselian, fixed by the Glossopteris-Gangamopteris floral assemblage (Balme in Teichert 1967; Gee 1989). Tillite, diamictite and freshwater facies recording late-glacial to post-glacial Gondwana deposition; correlates with the Dwyka Group (Karoo, S Africa) and the Talchir Formation (India). Type locality: Tobra village, eastern Salt Range (formalized by the SCP, Fatmi 1973).
- Synonyms: Ghazi et al. (2012): the Tobra Formation was previously known as the Talchir Boulder Bed (Noetling 1901) in Pakistan.
- CoordinatesAgeLower contact (overlies)Upper contact (underlies)Depositional environmentThickness (m)SynonymsThickness
- Age: CORRECTION — Ghazi et al. (2012), full text: the Warchha Sandstone is ARTINSKIAN (Balme 1970; Wardlaw & Pogue 1995, on pollen-spores), not Sakmarian as previously recorded. It unconformably overlies the Sakmarian Dandot Formation and is unconformably overlain by the Kungurian Sardhai Formation (or, in the eastern Salt Range, by Palaeocene strata).
- Thickness: Ghazi et al. (2012): the Warchha Sandstone thickens systematically from 30 m in the east to 155 m in the west of the Salt Range outcrop belt. A high-sinuosity meandering-fluvial to coastal/estuarine sandstone (former 'speckled sandstone', Waagen 1878); correlates with the Barakar Formation (India).
- Coordinates: Type section relocated to Matan (72°41'38"E, 32°39'46"N = 32.6628, 72.6939) with a reference section at Karuli (72°41'32"E, 32°37'40"N), as proposed by Ghazi et al. (2012) — the historical 'Warchha Gorge' type locality (Fatmi 1973; Shah 1977) was given without coordinates. Supersedes the earlier Warcha-village point.