Source provenance

Gaetani, M., Zanchi, A., Angiolini, L., Olivini, G., Sciunnach, D., Brunton, H., Nicora, A. & Mawson, R. (2004). The Carboniferous of the Western Karakoram (Pakistan). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 23(2), 275-305.

Cited by 5 units (5 published) · 1 field-level citation · 6 revision notes.

Full text reviewed (user-supplied PDF). The PRIMARY definitional source for four Carboniferous units of the Northern Karakoram Terrane (Karambar thrust sheet), time-constrained by brachiopod and conodont biostratigraphy, from bottom to top: Margach Formation (dark shales + subarkoses/quartzarenites, up to 300 m; mid-Famennian to middle Tournaisian), Ribat Formation (grey crinoidal limestones -> dark marly limestones/marls, >=300 m; late Tournaisian to Bashkirian), Lupsuk Formation (subarkoses/feldspathic quartzarenites + dark shales, up to 400 m; Serpukhovian to Moscovian/uppermost Carboniferous), and the Twin Valleys Member within the Lupsuk (bioclastic limestone, up to 100 m; post-Moscovian). The Carboniferous is sealed by the Gircha Formation (?latest Carboniferous-early Sakmarian; Asselian brachiopods 133 m above its base, above a break-up unconformity). Interpreted as the passive-margin evolution of the Northern Karakoram Terrane, early rifting in the Late Devonian to syn-rift in the Late Carboniferous. 19 brachiopod species described (one new).

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Units citing this source

• Paleozoic Gircha Formation Permian
  • Age: Gaetani et al. (2004): the Gircha Formation (arkoses to quartzarenites; exceeds ~1,000 m in the Karambar area) seals the Carboniferous succession above a break-up unconformity linked to early drifting in the seaway bordering the Karakoram. Its base is ?latest Carboniferous–earliest Permian and an Asselian brachiopod fauna occurs 133 m above the base — so the very base is latest Carboniferous, with the bulk Early Permian (early Sakmarian at the top of the studied interval). Refines/contextualises the curated Permian age (the basal Gircha is latest Carboniferous).
• Paleozoic Lupsuk Formation Carboniferous
  • Age: Gaetani et al. (2004) — DEFINES the Lupsuk Formation (new name; Lupsuk Glacier / Ribat valley, Karambar Unit): subarkoses to feldspathic quartzarenites in thick beds alternating with dark shales and siltstones, up to ~400 m thick, dated Serpukhovian to Moscovian (uppermost Carboniferous) — a syn-rift terrigenous phase between the Ribat Formation and the basal quartzarenites of the Gircha Formation. Corroborates the curated Carboniferous age and adds the definitional source.
• Paleozoic Margach Formation Devonian–Carboniferous
  Fossils
  • Age: Gaetani, Zanchi, Angiolini et al. (2004) — the primary paper that DEFINES the Margach Formation (new name; type section on the north side of the Ribat valley, Karambar thrust sheet): prevailing dark shales with subordinate fine subarkoses and quartzarenites, up to ~300 m thick, dated by brachiopod and conodont biostratigraphy to mid-Famennian to middle Tournaisian (latest Devonian to ?early middle Tournaisian) — recording the early-rifting passive margin of the Northern Karakoram Terrane. Corroborates the curated Devonian–Carboniferous age; adds the definitional source (previously carried only on Zanchi & Gaetani 2011).
  • Fossils: Surfaced from the age notes into fossils[]: the Margach Formation is dated by brachiopod and conodont biostratigraphy (Gaetani et al. 2004b); the third lithozone of the Karambar type section carries a small brachiopod assemblage and a Receptaculites bed (Zanchi & Gaetani 2011). Body-fossil content, not a trace assemblage.
• Paleozoic Ribat Formation Carboniferous
  • Age: Gaetani et al. (2004) — DEFINES the Ribat Formation (new name; type section on the south side of the Ribat valley): grey crinoidal limestones passing up to dark marly limestones and marls, at least ~300 m thick (reduced to <100 m in the Baroghil–Lashkargaz Unit), dated late Tournaisian to Bashkirian (i.e. into the Pennsylvanian) — a fully marine carbonate ramp/shelf phase. Refines the curated 'Early Carboniferous' (the unit's top reaches the Bashkirian); adds the definitional source.
• Paleozoic Twin Valley Member Carboniferous
  • Age: Gaetani et al. (2004) — DEFINES the Twin Valleys Member, a local bioclastic-limestone intercalation up to ~100 m thick within the Lupsuk Formation (Twin Valleys / Lupsuk Glacier sections), of post-Moscovian (Late Carboniferous / Pennsylvanian) age. Corroborates the curated Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) age; adds the definitional source and confirms the member-of-Lupsuk relationship.