Source provenance

Raza, S.M., Cheema, I.U., Downs, W.R., Rajpar, A.R. & Ward, S.C. (2002). Miocene stratigraphy and mammal fauna from the Sulaiman Range, Southwestern Himalayas, Pakistan. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 186(3-4), 185-197.

Cited by 6 units (6 published) · 19 field-level citations · 4 revision notes.

Used for Vihowa/Litra ages and Siwalik mammal fauna of the Sulaiman Range.

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Units citing this source

• Cenozoic Chaudhwan Formation Neogene
  • Lithology: The Chaudhwan Formation is the coarsening-upward top of the Sulaiman molasse, becoming conglomerate-dominant in its upper reaches, of Pliocene age on mammalian evidence; its type area (with the Chaudhwan Zam) was designated by Hemphill & Kidwai (1973) (Raza et al. 2002).
• Cenozoic Chinji Formation Neogene
  FossilsGeological significance
• Cenozoic Chitarwatta Formation Paleogene
  Introduced byEpochUpper contact (underlies)Depositional environmentGeological significance
  • Age: Near-shore to terrestrial sedimentation began by the late Oligocene to basal Miocene at the base of the ~4-km, coarsening-upward Sulaiman Neogene succession (Chitarwatta -> Vihowa -> Litra -> Chaudhwan), an almost continuous terrestrial record deposited by a southerly-flowing (proto-Indus) river system (Raza et al. 2002).
• Cenozoic Litra Formation Neogene
  EpochDepositional environmentFossilsGeological significancePlain summary
  • Fossils: Three-toed hipparionine horses (Hipparion) first appear in the lower Litra Formation, dating it to the Late Miocene; the middle Litra shows substantial faunal turnover (open-country bovids, suids and giraffids) comparable to the ~7.5-7.0 Ma community restructuring on the Potwar Plateau (Raza et al. 2002).
• Cenozoic Nagri Formation Neogene
  FossilsGeological significance
• Cenozoic Vihowa Formation Neogene
  EpochDepositional environmentFossilsGeological significancePlain summary
  • Fossils: The fluvial channel-floodplain system was fully established in the late early Miocene; the lower Vihowa records diversification of the small boselaphine bovid Eotragus at ~17 Ma, and its fauna closely matches the Middle-Late Miocene Lower Siwaliks of the Potwar Plateau (Raza et al. 2002).