{
  "dataset": "Pakistan Stratigraphy Explorer — Makran-Siahan Basin (Arc-Trench Gap)",
  "basin": "Makran-Siahan Basin (Arc-Trench Gap)",
  "provinces": [
    "Makran Coast"
  ],
  "source": "https://stratigraphy.pk",
  "license": "CC BY 4.0",
  "generated": "2026-10-29",
  "count": 13,
  "units": [
    {
      "id": "chatti-formation",
      "name": "Chatti Formation",
      "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chatti-formation",
      "rank": "formation",
      "status": "published",
      "era": "Cenozoic",
      "period": "Neogene",
      "epoch": "Early Pleistocene",
      "age": "Early Pleistocene (Gelasian; ~2.58-1.80 Ma)",
      "introducedBy": "HSC (1961)",
      "typeLocality": "Makran Flysch Province, Balochistan Basin",
      "coordinates": "25.3000, 62.1300",
      "lat": 25.3,
      "lng": 62.13,
      "thickness": "over 1000 m",
      "lithology": "Clayey sandstone.",
      "lithologyType": "sandstone",
      "environment": "marine, shelf",
      "basin": "Balochistan Basin",
      "region": "Makran-Siahan Basin, Wazhdad Arc And Mashkel/Kharan Basin",
      "provinces": "Makran Coast",
      "fossils": "",
      "synonyms": "",
      "economic": "",
      "economicResources": "",
      "overlies": "Talar Formation",
      "underlies": "Talar Formation",
      "lowerContact": "",
      "upperContact": "",
      "references": 6
    },
    {
      "id": "gwadar-formation",
      "name": "Gwadar Formation",
      "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/gwadar-formation",
      "rank": "formation",
      "status": "published",
      "era": "Quaternary",
      "period": "Quaternary",
      "epoch": "Middle Pleistocene",
      "age": "Early Pleistocene probably (Gelasian-Calabrian; ~2.03-1.39 Ma)",
      "introducedBy": "",
      "typeLocality": "Gwandar hammerhead section within Makran Flysch Province (MFP) of the Balochistan Basin",
      "coordinates": "",
      "lat": null,
      "lng": null,
      "thickness": "60–900 m",
      "lithology": "Sandy claystone. Combined Gwadar and overlying/coeval Ormara Fm are predominantly sandy clay, 60-900 m thick",
      "lithologyType": "claystone",
      "environment": "",
      "basin": "",
      "region": "",
      "provinces": "Makran Coast",
      "fossils": "",
      "synonyms": "",
      "economic": "",
      "economicResources": "",
      "overlies": "Chatti Formation",
      "underlies": "Ormara Formation",
      "lowerContact": "",
      "upperContact": "",
      "references": 4
    },
    {
      "id": "hinglaj-formation",
      "name": "Hinglaj Formation",
      "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/hinglaj-formation",
      "rank": "formation",
      "status": "published",
      "era": "Cenozoic",
      "period": "Neogene",
      "epoch": "Late Oligocene to Pliocene",
      "age": "Late Oligocene to Pliocene (Aquitanian-Piacenzian; ~23.0-2.58 Ma)",
      "introducedBy": "Vredenburg (1906)",
      "typeLocality": "Hinglaj hills, Makran Flysch Province",
      "coordinates": "",
      "lat": null,
      "lng": null,
      "thickness": "3030-4545 m (4000 m at Hinglaj hills; 4545 m at Talar, 3030 m at Jiwani)",
      "lithology": "Dominantly sandstone with shale, subordinate shelly limestone and minor conglomerate; grey to brown, fine- to coarse-grained, gritty to pebbly, usually calcareous.",
      "lithologyType": "sandstone",
      "environment": "foreshore beach, shoreface, shallow marine",
      "basin": "",
      "region": "",
      "provinces": "Makran Coast; Zhob-Muslim Bagh",
      "fossils": "Assilina mamilla; Fasciolites borealis; Discocyclina undulata; Lepidocyclina blanfordi; Lepidocyclina dilatata; Nummulites atacicus; Nummulites fichteli; Nummulites intermedius; Spiroclypeus sp.",
      "synonyms": "",
      "economic": "",
      "economicResources": "",
      "overlies": "Khojak Formation",
      "underlies": "Chatti Formation",
      "lowerContact": "",
      "upperContact": "",
      "references": 3
    },
    {
      "id": "hoshab-formation",
      "name": "Hoshab Formation",
      "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/hoshab-formation",
      "rank": "",
      "status": "published",
      "era": "Cenozoic",
      "period": "Paleogene-Neogene",
      "epoch": "Late Oligocene to Early Miocene",
      "age": "Late Oligocene to Early Miocene (Chattian-Burdigalian; ~24.3-16.0 Ma)",
      "introducedBy": "HSC (1961)",
      "typeLocality": "Makran Flysch Province, Balochistan Basin",
      "coordinates": "26.0147, 63.8840",
      "lat": 26.0147,
      "lng": 63.884,
      "thickness": "1000-2000 m",
      "lithology": "Claystone and shale with subordinate sandstone, limestone and conglomerate; abyssal shale / flysch.",
      "lithologyType": "claystone",
      "environment": "abyssal, deep marine",
      "basin": "",
      "region": "",
      "provinces": "Makran Coast",
      "fossils": "Planktonic foraminifera; Trace fossils",
      "synonyms": "",
      "economic": "A recognised potential hydrocarbon SOURCE ROCK of the Makran; thrust detachments root within this mud-rich interval, and hanging-wall anticlines form potential traps.",
      "economicResources": "Source rock",
      "overlies": "Zurati Formation",
      "underlies": "Panjgur Formation",
      "lowerContact": "",
      "upperContact": "",
      "references": 6
    },
    {
      "id": "jiwani-formation",
      "name": "Jiwani Formation",
      "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/jiwani-formation",
      "rank": "",
      "status": "published",
      "era": "Cenozoic",
      "period": "Quaternary",
      "epoch": "Late Pleistocene",
      "age": "Late Pleistocene (Chibanian; ~0.77-0 Ma)",
      "introducedBy": "HSC (1961)",
      "typeLocality": "Jiwani section, Makran Flysch Province, Balochistan Basin",
      "coordinates": "25.0485, 61.7457",
      "lat": 25.0485,
      "lng": 61.7457,
      "thickness": "200-500 m",
      "lithology": "Shelly (coquinoid) limestone and littoral concretionary deposits.",
      "lithologyType": "limestone",
      "environment": "coastal marine, littoral",
      "basin": "",
      "region": "",
      "provinces": "Makran Coast",
      "fossils": "Mollusks; Corals",
      "synonyms": "Sub-Recent shelly limestone",
      "economic": "Hosts the Jiwani sulphur deposit — a thin (~9 in), discontinuous sulphur layer in dark clay near a mud volcano ~20 km NW of Jiwani, grading ~43-56% S (a small deposit), with similar minor occurrences at Ganz and Karghari — and its coastal shelly limestone, sandstone and conglomerate are worked locally as construction/building stone (Malkani 2020).",
      "economicResources": "Building stone; Metals & minerals",
      "overlies": "Ormara Formation",
      "underlies": "Recent coastal deposits",
      "lowerContact": "",
      "upperContact": "",
      "references": 7
    },
    {
      "id": "kech-formation",
      "name": "Kech Formation",
      "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kech-formation",
      "rank": "formation",
      "status": "published",
      "era": "Cenozoic",
      "period": "Quaternary",
      "epoch": "Pleistocene",
      "age": "Pleistocene",
      "introducedBy": "HSC (1961)",
      "typeLocality": "Kech valley, near Gish Kaur",
      "coordinates": "",
      "lat": null,
      "lng": null,
      "thickness": "",
      "lithology": "Conglomerate, mudstone and sandstone with an upper angular-unconformity surface.",
      "lithologyType": "conglomerate",
      "environment": "fluvial, alluvial",
      "basin": "Balochistan Basin",
      "region": "Makran-Siahan Basin, Wazhdad Arc And Mashkel/Kharan Basin",
      "provinces": "Makran Coast",
      "fossils": "",
      "synonyms": "",
      "economic": "",
      "economicResources": "",
      "overlies": "",
      "underlies": "Subrecent to Recent surficial deposits",
      "lowerContact": "",
      "upperContact": "",
      "references": 2
    },
    {
      "id": "ormara-formation",
      "name": "Ormara Formation",
      "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/ormara-formation",
      "rank": "",
      "status": "published",
      "era": "Cenozoic",
      "period": "Neogene",
      "epoch": "Middle Pleistocene",
      "age": "Middle Pleistocene (Calabrian; ~1.39-0.77 Ma)",
      "introducedBy": "",
      "typeLocality": "Ormara hammerhead section, Makran Flysch Province",
      "coordinates": "25.2100, 64.6400",
      "lat": 25.21,
      "lng": 64.64,
      "thickness": "60-900 m (combined Gwadar-Ormara succession)",
      "lithology": "Sandy claystone; the combined Gwadar-Ormara succession is predominantly sandy clay.",
      "lithologyType": "claystone",
      "environment": "shallow marine, coastal",
      "basin": "",
      "region": "",
      "provinces": "Makran Coast",
      "fossils": "Bivalves (lamellibranchs); Gastropods; Foraminifera",
      "synonyms": "",
      "economic": "",
      "economicResources": "",
      "overlies": "Talar Formation",
      "underlies": "Jiwani Formation",
      "lowerContact": "",
      "upperContact": "",
      "references": 6
    },
    {
      "id": "panjgur-formation",
      "name": "Panjgur Formation",
      "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/panjgur-formation",
      "rank": "",
      "status": "published",
      "era": "Cenozoic",
      "period": "Paleogene–Neogene",
      "epoch": "Middle Miocene",
      "age": "Middle Miocene (Serravallian; ~13.8-11.6 Ma)",
      "introducedBy": "HSC (1961)",
      "typeLocality": "Makran Flysch Province, Balochistan Basin",
      "coordinates": "26.9706, 64.0887",
      "lat": 26.9706,
      "lng": 64.0887,
      "thickness": "1000-2000 m",
      "lithology": "Predominantly sandstone with marine shale; clastic turbidites deposited as stacked deep-sea fan sequences.",
      "lithologyType": "sandstone",
      "environment": "deep marine, submarine fan",
      "basin": "",
      "region": "",
      "provinces": "Makran Coast",
      "fossils": "Foraminifera; Trace fossils",
      "synonyms": "",
      "economic": "The principal potential RESERVOIR unit of the Makran; its stacked turbidite sandstones have porosities up to ~18% and form exploration targets, with Hoshab/Parkini shales as source and seal.",
      "economicResources": "Reservoir; Seal",
      "overlies": "Hoshab Formation",
      "underlies": "Parkini Formation",
      "lowerContact": "",
      "upperContact": "",
      "references": 6
    },
    {
      "id": "parkini-formation",
      "name": "Parkini Formation",
      "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/parkini-formation",
      "rank": "",
      "status": "published",
      "era": "Cenozoic",
      "period": "Neogene",
      "epoch": "Late Miocene",
      "age": "Late Miocene (Tortonian-Messinian; ~11.6-6.7 Ma)",
      "introducedBy": "HSC (1961)",
      "typeLocality": "Makran Flysch Province, Balochistan Basin",
      "coordinates": "",
      "lat": null,
      "lng": null,
      "thickness": "3030-4545 m",
      "lithology": "Predominantly mudstone (sandy claystone); massive upper-Miocene slope mudstones blanketing the Panjgur fan complex.",
      "lithologyType": "mudstone",
      "environment": "deep marine, slope",
      "basin": "",
      "region": "",
      "provinces": "Makran Coast",
      "fossils": "Benthic foraminifera; Mollusks",
      "synonyms": "",
      "economic": "A recognised potential hydrocarbon SOURCE ROCK of the Makran (slope-to-basinal mudstone, TOC locally exceeding 1%).",
      "economicResources": "Source rock",
      "overlies": "Panjgur Formation",
      "underlies": "Talar Formation",
      "lowerContact": "",
      "upperContact": "",
      "references": 6
    },
    {
      "id": "siahan-formation",
      "name": "Siahan Formation",
      "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/siahan-formation",
      "rank": "",
      "status": "published",
      "era": "Cenozoic",
      "period": "Paleogene",
      "epoch": "Paleocene–Eocene",
      "age": "Eocene-Oligocene",
      "introducedBy": "HSC (1961)",
      "typeLocality": "Siahan Range",
      "coordinates": "",
      "lat": null,
      "lng": null,
      "thickness": "2000-4000 m",
      "lithology": "Shale and slate with siltstone and sandstone (metamorphosed near the Washuk ophiolite thrust).",
      "lithologyType": "shale",
      "environment": "deep marine",
      "basin": "",
      "region": "",
      "provinces": "Makran Coast",
      "fossils": "Deep water foraminifera; Trace fossils",
      "synonyms": "",
      "economic": "The principal host rock of the Makran-Siahan fault-controlled epithermal-to-mesothermal stibnite (antimony)-gold-silver quartz-carbonate vein system (e.g. Gokumb, Kuchaki, Mir Baig Raidgi, Safed Gilanchi, Machi Koh) and of extensive iron-oxidized zones; also the setting of the Soro/Phudkush possible-meteorite locality. Veins are thin (mm-20 cm) and discontinuous, so individual deposits are small (Malkani 2020).",
      "economicResources": "Metals & minerals",
      "overlies": "Wakai Limestone",
      "underlies": "Zurati Formation",
      "lowerContact": "",
      "upperContact": "",
      "references": 5
    },
    {
      "id": "talar-formation",
      "name": "Talar Formation",
      "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/talar-formation",
      "rank": "formation",
      "status": "published",
      "era": "Cenozoic",
      "period": "Neogene",
      "epoch": "Late Miocene",
      "age": "Late Miocene (Messinian; ~6.7-5.3 Ma)",
      "introducedBy": "HSC (1961)",
      "typeLocality": "Makran Flysch Province, Balochistan Basin",
      "coordinates": "25.9842, 62.5113",
      "lat": 25.9842,
      "lng": 62.5113,
      "thickness": "not less than 5000 m",
      "lithology": "Clayey sandstone; sandstone, shale and mudstone.",
      "lithologyType": "sandstone",
      "environment": "shallow marine, shelf",
      "basin": "Balochistan Basin",
      "region": "Makran-Siahan Basin, Wazhdad Arc And Mashkel/Kharan Basin",
      "provinces": "Makran Coast",
      "fossils": "",
      "synonyms": "Hinglaj Group (in part)",
      "economic": "A potential shallow RESERVOIR unit of the Makran, with stacked sandstones above the deeper turbidite reservoirs.",
      "economicResources": "Reservoir",
      "overlies": "Parkini Formation",
      "underlies": "Chatti Formation",
      "lowerContact": "",
      "upperContact": "",
      "references": 7
    },
    {
      "id": "wakai-limestone",
      "name": "Wakai Limestone",
      "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/wakai-limestone",
      "rank": "formation",
      "status": "published",
      "era": "Cenozoic",
      "period": "Paleogene",
      "epoch": "Paleocene–Early Eocene",
      "age": "Paleocene",
      "introducedBy": "HSC (1961)",
      "typeLocality": "Koh-i-Wakai, Tagrana Kaur valley",
      "coordinates": "",
      "lat": null,
      "lng": null,
      "thickness": "",
      "lithology": "Limestone, marl and shale (reefal in part).",
      "lithologyType": "limestone",
      "environment": "shallow marine, reef",
      "basin": "Balochistan Basin",
      "region": "Makran-Siahan Basin, Wazhdad Arc And Mashkel/Kharan Basin",
      "provinces": "Makran Coast",
      "fossils": "",
      "synonyms": "",
      "economic": "Identified as a potential petroleum source/reservoir carbonate in the Makran if it has significant subsurface extent.",
      "economicResources": "Source rock; Reservoir",
      "overlies": "",
      "underlies": "Siahan Formation",
      "lowerContact": "",
      "upperContact": "",
      "references": 4
    },
    {
      "id": "zurati-formation",
      "name": "Zurati Formation",
      "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/zurati-formation",
      "rank": "formation",
      "status": "published",
      "era": "Cenozoic",
      "period": "Paleogene",
      "epoch": "Eocene",
      "age": "Eocene",
      "introducedBy": "Hafeez et al. (1992)",
      "typeLocality": "Zurati Koh / Tank-e-Zurati",
      "coordinates": "",
      "lat": null,
      "lng": null,
      "thickness": "",
      "lithology": "Shale and sandstone (flysch).",
      "lithologyType": "shale",
      "environment": "deep marine",
      "basin": "Balochistan Basin",
      "region": "Makran-Siahan Basin, Wazhdad Arc And Mashkel/Kharan Basin",
      "provinces": "Makran Coast",
      "fossils": "",
      "synonyms": "",
      "economic": "",
      "economicResources": "",
      "overlies": "Siahan Formation",
      "underlies": "Hoshab Formation",
      "lowerContact": "",
      "upperContact": "",
      "references": 2
    }
  ]
}