{ "dataset": "Pakistan Stratigraphy Explorer — Kirthar Basin (Lower Indus)", "basin": "Kirthar Basin (Lower Indus)", "provinces": [ "Kirthar Range", "Sindh Province" ], "source": "https://stratigraphy.pk", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "generated": "2026-10-29", "count": 34, "units": [ { "id": "anjira-formation", "name": "Anjira Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/anjira-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Jurassic", "age": "Jurassic", "introducedBy": "Williams (1959)", "typeLocality": "Anjira", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "100-352 m", "lithology": "Clayey limestone At the type section, designated by Anwar et al. (1991), the lithology is composed of thin to thick-bedded limestone interbeded locally with partings of marl and calcareous shale. The limestone is grey to dark grey, weathers brownish grey, and is lithographic and fossiliferous. It is marly, shelly, mottled and muddy at places. The marl is grey to greenish grey, weathers brownish g…", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "shallow marine", "basin": "Kirthar Basin", "region": "Western Kirthar (Balochistan)", "provinces": "Kirthar Range", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Anjira Member (basal Shirinab Formation; Williams 1959)", "economic": "Hosts stratabound lead-zinc mineralization of the Khuzdar belt in the upper part of the Jurassic Shirinab succession: the Gunga deposit (~6% Zn, 1.5% Pb; SEDEX-type) and the nearby Surmai deposit (Mississippi-Valley-type, ~6.5% combined, with 10-20 g/t Ag) — an important Zn-Pb-Ag resource (Malkani 2020).", "economicResources": "Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Spingwar Formation", "underlies": "Chiltan Limestone", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "bara-formation", "name": "Bara Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/bara-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Paleocene", "age": "Paleocene", "introducedBy": "Williams (1959)", "typeLocality": "Bara Nai, northern Laki Range", "coordinates": "26.1183, 67.8867", "lat": 26.1183, "lng": 67.8867, "thickness": "60-600 m (based on surface exposures) m", "lithology": "Fluviatile to paralic sandstone and shale with coal and carbonaceous beds.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, paralic", "basin": "Kirthar Basin", "region": "Eastern Kirthar (Sindh)", "provinces": "Sindh Province", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "The principal coal-bearing horizon of the Sindh (Lower Indus) coalfields, including the Lakhra, Sonda and Thar areas.", "economicResources": "Coal & lignite", "overlies": "Khadro Formation", "underlies": "Lakhra Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 10 }, { "id": "chiniot-granite", "name": "Chiniot Granite", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chiniot-granite", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Neoproterozoic", "epoch": "", "age": "Precambrian (850-900 Ma)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Chiniot, Punjab", "coordinates": "31.7200, 72.9800", "lat": 31.72, "lng": 72.98, "thickness": "Variable", "lithology": "Pink biotite granite, aplite, pegmatite", "lithologyType": "igneous", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sindh Province; Indo-Pakistan Shield", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Crystalline basement", "underlies": "Quaternary alluvium", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "dada-formation", "name": "Dada Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/dada-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Quaternary", "period": "Quaternary", "epoch": "Pleistocene", "age": "Pleistocene", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Dada River south of Spintangi Railway station", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "about 1,000 m (Urak area)", "lithology": "Conglomerate with subordinate mud and sandstone.", "lithologyType": "conglomerate", "environment": "fluvial, alluvial", "basin": "Kirthar Basin", "region": "Western Kirthar (Balochistan)", "provinces": "Kirthar Range", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Source of gravel and sand for construction aggregate.", "economicResources": "Building stone", "overlies": "Chaudhwan Formation", "underlies": "Sakhi Sarwar Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 8 }, { "id": "dilband-formation", "name": "Dilband Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/dilband-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Early Cretaceous", "age": "Jurassic", "introducedBy": "Abbas et al. (1998)", "typeLocality": "Dilband area, Kalat District", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "about 20m", "lithology": "Oolitic hematite ironstone with sandstone and shale.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "shallow marine", "basin": "Kirthar Basin", "region": "Western Kirthar (Balochistan)", "provinces": "Kirthar Range", "fossils": "Choffatia; Bullatimorphites bullatus; Clydoniceras; Brohisaurus kirthari", "synonyms": "Mazar Drik Formation", "economic": "Hosts the Dilband iron-ore deposit — Pakistan's largest — oolitic hematite at the top-Chiltan unconformity grading about 52–62% iron oxide.", "economicResources": "Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Chiltan Limestone", "underlies": "Sembar Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "fort-munro-group", "name": "Fort Munro Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/fort-munro-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Late Cretaceous", "age": "Late Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "Malkani (2009a)", "typeLocality": "Western flank of Fort Munro anticline (along the Fort Munro - D", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "44-100 m", "lithology": "Marl and shale (Mughal Kot), reefoid limestone (Fort Munro) and sandstone (Pab), with the Vitakri red beds.", "lithologyType": "marl", "environment": "marine, marginal marine", "basin": "Kirthar Basin", "region": "Eastern Kirthar (Sindh)", "provinces": "Sindh Province", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "The Pab Sandstone is a significant gas reservoir.", "economicResources": "Reservoir", "overlies": "", "underlies": "Pab Sandstone", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "gaj-formation", "name": "Gaj Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/gaj-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "Early–Middle Miocene", "age": "Early Miocene", "introducedBy": "Blanford (1876)", "typeLocality": "Gaj River, Kirthar Range", "coordinates": "26.8750, 67.3200", "lat": 26.875, "lng": 67.32, "thickness": "200-400 m", "lithology": "Variegated grey gypsiferous shale interbedded with calcareous, ferruginous, cross-bedded sandstone and fossiliferous argillaceous limestone.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marginal marine, deltaic", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kirthar Range; Sindh Province", "fossils": "Foraminifera; Molluscs; Marine vertebrates", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Nari Formation", "underlies": "Manchar Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 8 }, { "id": "gorag-formation", "name": "Gorag Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/gorag-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "under-review", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "", "age": "Oligocene", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "", "lithologyType": "", "environment": "", "basin": "Kirthar Basin", "region": "Western Kirthar (Balochistan)", "provinces": "Kirthar Range", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "goru-formation", "name": "Goru Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/goru-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Early–Late Cretaceous", "age": "Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian)", "introducedBy": "Williams (1959)", "typeLocality": "Goru village", "coordinates": "27.802397, 66.831371", "lat": 27.802397, "lng": 66.831371, "thickness": "536 m (type locality)", "lithology": "Interbedded limestone, shale and siltstone; lower part shalier (thin-bedded light limestone with splintery grey-olive shale), upper part thin-bedded porcellaneous limestone; grades up into the Parh Limestone.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt; Kirthar Range; Sindh Province", "fossils": "Foraminifera; Ammonites; Bivalves", "synonyms": "", "economic": "The Lower Goru sands are a major gas reservoir of the Lower and Central Indus Basin (e.g. Sui, Mari, Sawan, Miano).", "economicResources": "Reservoir", "overlies": "Sembar Formation", "underlies": "Parh Limestone", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 9 }, { "id": "gwal-formation", "name": "Gwal Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/gwal-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Triassic", "age": "Triassic", "introducedBy": "Anwar et al. (1991)", "typeLocality": "Trakai-Gwal section, Axial Belt", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "350 m", "lithology": "It consists of variegated shale and thin bedded limestone and marl with rare mafic intrusion and diabase flow.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Kirthar Basin", "region": "Western Kirthar (Balochistan)", "provinces": "Kirthar Range", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "Wulgai Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "khadro-formation", "name": "Khadro Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/khadro-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Paleocene", "age": "Paleocene", "introducedBy": "Williams (1959)", "typeLocality": "Bara Nai, Lakhi Range", "coordinates": "26.1183, 67.8867", "lat": 26.1183, "lng": 67.8867, "thickness": "In type section where at least two basaltic flows are present in the lower part, a thickness of 67 m is reported m", "lithology": "Basal limestone with oysters and reptile bones, overlain by olive to grey ferruginous fossiliferous sandstone and gypsiferous shale with fossiliferous limestone interbeds; includes basaltic lava flows.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Kirthar Basin", "region": "Eastern Kirthar (Sindh)", "provinces": "Sindh Province", "fossils": "Oysters; Reptile bones; Foraminifera", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Pab Sandstone", "underlies": "Bara Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "khaskheli-basalt", "name": "Khaskheli Basalt Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/khaskheli-basalt", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Cretaceous-Paleogene", "epoch": "Maastrichtian to Danian", "age": "Maastrichtian to Danian (Maastrichtian-Danian; ~67.88-64.73 Ma)", "introducedBy": "N.K. Siddiqui, Pakistan Petroleum Ltd. (written communication, 1987) — split from the Khadro Formation", "typeLocality": "Bara Nai, northern Laki Range", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "27-177 m", "lithology": "Basalt. These lava flows occur at the base of Khadro Formation and were originally included in the same formation. In the outcrops in Laki Range they have a small vertical extent, and are interbedded with mudstone and claystone. However, the wells drilled to the east of the Kirthar fold belt and those drilled in the Badin area encountered much larger thickness of basalts with lesser sedimentary i…", "lithologyType": "volcanic", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sindh Province", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "Khadro Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "kingri-formation", "name": "Kingri Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kingri-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Eocene", "age": "Eocene", "introducedBy": "Malkani (2009a)", "typeLocality": "Kingri formation is the just northwest of Kingri town", "coordinates": "30.4667, 69.7833", "lat": 30.4667, "lng": 69.7833, "thickness": "700m", "lithology": "Continental to paralic sandstone and mudstone (molasse).", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, paralic", "basin": "Kirthar Basin", "region": "Western Kirthar (Balochistan)", "provinces": "Kirthar Range", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Hosts Early Eocene coal; a source of silica sand and building sandstone.", "economicResources": "Coal & lignite", "overlies": "Toi Formation", "underlies": "Drug Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "kirana-group", "name": "Kirana Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kirana-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Neoproterozoic", "epoch": "", "age": "Precambrian (870 ± 40 Ma)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Kirana Hills, Sargodha District, Punjab", "coordinates": "31.9500, 72.7000", "lat": 31.95, "lng": 72.7, "thickness": "Variable (inselberg remnants)", "lithology": "Rhyolite, rhyolitic tuff, andesite, granite, diorite, gabbro", "lithologyType": "volcanic", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sindh Province; Potwar Basin; Indo-Pakistan Shield", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Source of building stone and aggregate", "economicResources": "Building stone", "overlies": "Crystalline basement", "underlies": "Covered by alluvium", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 8 }, { "id": "kirthar-formation", "name": "Kirthar Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kirthar-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Middle Eocene", "age": "Middle to Late Eocene", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Kirthar Range", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "500-800 m", "lithology": "Thick grey, massive to thick-bedded, fossiliferous nummulitic limestone.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kirthar Range", "fossils": "Nummulites; Larger foraminifera", "synonyms": "", "economic": "A major Eocene limestone, used locally as building and cement stone and forming reservoir intervals.", "economicResources": "Reservoir; Cement & lime", "overlies": "Laki Formation", "underlies": "Nari Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 8 }, { "id": "korara-shale", "name": "Korara Shale", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/korara-shale", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "", "epoch": "", "age": "Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) to Paleocene (Montian); locally into the Lower Eocene", "introducedBy": "Korara Shale of the Jakkher Group (HSC 1960); foraminiferal biostratigraphy by Khursheed (1972).", "typeLocality": "Jakkher Lak (Map ref 35 O/2), Pab Range; measured reference section at Goth Allah Baksh, ~6 miles south of Jakkher Lak.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "460 m (Goth Allah Baksh)", "lithology": "Dark grey to olive grey shale with traces of clayey, dark grey, fine-grained sandstone.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kirthar Range; Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "Globotruncana stuarti; Globotruncana gansseri; Pseudotextularia elegans; Heterohelix navarroensis; Guembelitria cretacea; Zeauvigerina aegyptica", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Pab Sandstone", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "lakhra-formation", "name": "Lakhra Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/lakhra-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Paleocene", "age": "Paleocene", "introducedBy": "Cheema et al. (1977)", "typeLocality": "Southern Lakhra anticline", "coordinates": "25.5458, 68.0042", "lat": 25.5458, "lng": 68.0042, "thickness": "50–242 m", "lithology": "Grey, thin- to thick-bedded nodular, sandy and locally argillaceous fossiliferous limestone with sandstone and shale interbeds in the upper part.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "shallow marine", "basin": "Kirthar Basin", "region": "Eastern Kirthar (Sindh)", "provinces": "Sindh Province", "fossils": "Foraminifera; Corals; Molluscs", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Bara Formation", "underlies": "Laki Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 9 }, { "id": "laki-formation", "name": "Laki Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/laki-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Early Eocene", "age": "Early Eocene", "introducedBy": "Noetling (1903)", "typeLocality": "Near Meting and Mari Nai, northern Lakhi Range", "coordinates": "25.7300, 67.9400", "lat": 25.73, "lng": 67.94, "thickness": "200-400 m", "lithology": "Cream to grey limestone with subordinate marl, calcareous shale, sandstone and lateritic clay.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kirthar Range; Sindh Province", "fossils": "Foraminifera; Gastropods; Bivalves; Echinoids; Algae", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Petroleum reservoir, cement raw material", "economicResources": "Reservoir; Cement & lime", "overlies": "Lakhra Formation", "underlies": "Kirthar Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 10 }, { "id": "manchar-formation", "name": "Manchar Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/manchar-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "Miocene-Pliocene", "age": "Miocene-Pliocene", "introducedBy": "Blanford (1876)", "typeLocality": "Manchhar (Manchar) Lake area, Sindh", "coordinates": "26.4230, 67.6730", "lat": 26.423, "lng": 67.673, "thickness": "1000-2000 m", "lithology": "Sandstone, clay, conglomerate (continental)", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, continental", "basin": "Kirthar Basin", "region": "", "provinces": "Sindh Province; Kirthar Range", "fossils": "Siwalik-type mammal fossils", "synonyms": "Manchar Group; Manchhar Formation; Manchhar Series", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Gaj Formation", "underlies": "Recent alluvium", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "mekhtar-formation", "name": "Mekhtar Formation (or Mekhtar Sandstone)", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/mekhtar-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Late Cretaceous", "age": "Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "about 100m", "lithology": "Sandstone with subordinate shale (Mekhtar Sandstone).", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Kirthar Basin", "region": "Western Kirthar (Balochistan)", "provinces": "Kirthar Range", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Sembar Formation", "underlies": "Goru Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "mona-jhal-group", "name": "Mona Jhal Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/mona-jhal-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Early–Late Cretaceous", "age": "Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Parh Range, Sulaiman", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "200-600 m", "lithology": "Black shale (Sembar), limestone-shale-siltstone (Goru), sandstone (Mekhtar) and pelagic limestone (Parh).", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt; Kirthar Range", "fossils": "Planktic foraminifera; Ammonites", "synonyms": "Parh Group", "economic": "Contains the Sembar source rock and Lower Goru reservoir — the core of the Indus Basin petroleum system.", "economicResources": "Source rock; Reservoir", "overlies": "Goru Formation", "underlies": "Mughal Kot Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "moro-formation", "name": "Moro Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/moro-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian", "age": "Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) (Maastrichtian; ~70.02-67.88 Ma)", "introducedBy": "Hunting Survey Corporation (1960)", "typeLocality": "Moro River section in Kirthar Range, between Johan and Bibi Nani", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "~110–140 m", "lithology": "Pelagic marl. It consists of grey, medium to thick bedded, grey to dark grey marl, dark grey to grey green calcareous shale and minor sandstone and volcanic conglomerate of mottled appearance (only in the lower part). Limestone is the dominant lithology in the Sulaiman Province where it contains chert lenses, while marl is dominant in Sanjawi area (Sulaiman Province) and the Axial Belt. In the Ki…", "lithologyType": "marl", "environment": "shallow marine, open shelf", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sindh Province; Zhob-Muslim Bagh", "fossils": "Orbitoides; Orbitella; bivalves; brachiopods; gastropods", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Parh Limestone", "underlies": "Khadro Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "nagarparkar-complex", "name": "Nagarparkar Igneous Complex", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/nagarparkar-complex", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Neoproterozoic", "epoch": "", "age": "Precambrian (Malani Igneous Suite, ~750-770 Ma)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Karunjhar Hills, Nagarparkar, Sindh", "coordinates": "24.3500, 70.7100", "lat": 24.35, "lng": 70.71, "thickness": "Variable (plutonic-volcanic complex)", "lithology": "Granite, rhyolite, basalt, granophyre", "lithologyType": "igneous", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sindh Province; Indo-Pakistan Shield", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Dimension stone quarrying", "economicResources": "Building stone", "overlies": "Crystalline basement", "underlies": "Quaternary deposits", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "nari-formation", "name": "Nari Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/nari-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Oligocene", "age": "Oligocene", "introducedBy": "Blanford (1876)", "typeLocality": "Gaj River gorge, Kirthar Range", "coordinates": "26.8750, 67.3200", "lat": 26.875, "lng": 67.32, "thickness": "300-500 m", "lithology": "Brown, fine- to coarse-grained sandstone in the upper part with shale and subordinate limestone below.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "marginal marine, deltaic", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kirthar Range; Sindh Province", "fossils": "Foraminifera; Molluscs; Shark teeth", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Contains workable coal seams (Nari coal) and forms reservoir intervals.", "economicResources": "Reservoir; Coal & lignite", "overlies": "Kirthar Formation", "underlies": "Gaj Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 9 }, { "id": "pab-sandstone", "name": "Pab Sandstone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/pab-sandstone", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)", "age": "Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)", "introducedBy": "Vredenburg (1909)", "typeLocality": "West of Wirahab Nai, Pab Range", "coordinates": "25.5200, 67.0053", "lat": 25.52, "lng": 67.0053, "thickness": "240–1,000 m (490 m at the Pab Range type section)", "lithology": "White, cream or brown, thick-bedded to massive, cross-bedded, medium- to coarse-grained quartzose sandstone with subordinate argillaceous limestone and shale.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "marginal marine, deltaic", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt; Kirthar Range; Bela-Khuzdar", "fossils": "Bivalves; Gastropods; Trace fossils", "synonyms": "", "economic": "A major quartzose-sandstone hydrocarbon reservoir in the Lower Indus Basin.", "economicResources": "Reservoir", "overlies": "Fort Munro Formation", "underlies": "Moro Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 14 }, { "id": "parh-limestone", "name": "Parh Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/parh-limestone", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Late Cretaceous (Barremian–Maastrichtian)", "age": "Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian)", "introducedBy": "Blanford (1879)", "typeLocality": "Parh, Sulaiman Range", "coordinates": "26.9125, 67.0958", "lat": 26.9125, "lng": 67.0958, "thickness": "100-300 m", "lithology": "Very uniform, persistent, thin-bedded light-grey, white or cream porcellaneous limestone with a characteristic pink-purple-maroon band and interbeds of variegated shale and marl.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "pelagic marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt; Kirthar Range", "fossils": "Planktonic foraminifera (Globotruncana spp.)", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Building-limestone source; the Ziarat laterite (ochre pigment) forms on its weathered contact with the Dungan Limestone (Kach-Sanjawi).", "economicResources": "Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Goru Formation", "underlies": "Mughal Kot Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "petaro-ridge-basement", "name": "Petaro-Hyderabad Ridge", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/petaro-ridge-basement", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Proterozoic", "epoch": "", "age": "Precambrian", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Petaro-Hyderabad area, Sindh (subsurface)", "coordinates": "25.5200, 68.3100", "lat": 25.52, "lng": 68.31, "thickness": "Unknown (buried feature)", "lithology": "Crystalline basement (granite, gneiss — subsurface)", "lithologyType": "igneous", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sindh Province; Indo-Pakistan Shield", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Controls gas field locations in Lower Sindh", "economicResources": "Reservoir", "overlies": "Deep crystalline basement", "underlies": "Mesozoic-Cenozoic sedimentary sequence", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "ranikot-group", "name": "Ranikot Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/ranikot-group", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Paleocene", "age": "Paleocene", "introducedBy": "Blanford (1876); Vredenburg (1909)", "typeLocality": "Ranikot, Sindh (approx. 25°54'N, 67°54'E)", "coordinates": "25.9000, 67.9000", "lat": 25.9, "lng": 67.9, "thickness": "300-600 m", "lithology": "Sandstone, shale and limestone with coal, carbonaceous beds and basaltic lava flows.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "marine, paralic", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kirthar Range; Sindh Province; Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "Larger foraminifera; Gastropods; Plant fossils in upper part", "synonyms": "Ranikot Formation", "economic": "Includes the coal-bearing Bara Formation — the principal Sindh (Lower Indus) coalfields.", "economicResources": "Coal & lignite", "overlies": "Pab Sandstone", "underlies": "Laki Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "sakhi-sarwar-formation", "name": "Sakhi Sarwar Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/sakhi-sarwar-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Quaternary", "period": "Quaternary", "epoch": "Holocene", "age": "Holocene", "introducedBy": "Malkani (2012h)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Mud and sandstone with poorly developed conglomerate.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, continental", "basin": "Kirthar Basin", "region": "Eastern Kirthar (Sindh)", "provinces": "Sindh Province", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Dada Formation", "underlies": "subrecent deposits", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "sembar-formation", "name": "Sembar Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/sembar-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Early Cretaceous (Neocomian)", "age": "Early Cretaceous (Berriasian-Barremian)", "introducedBy": "Williams (1959)", "typeLocality": "Sembar Pass, Sulaiman Range", "coordinates": "29.9181, 68.5800", "lat": 29.9181, "lng": 68.58, "thickness": "100-300 m", "lithology": "Black, carbonaceous, pyritic shale with subordinate siltstone, sandstone and thin limestone; thins westward.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marine, outer shelf", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt; Kirthar Range; Sindh Province", "fossils": "Ammonites; Belemnites; Foraminifera", "synonyms": "", "economic": "The principal hydrocarbon SOURCE ROCK of the Lower and Central Indus Basin (Sui, Mari and other gas fields); the Sembar–Lower Goru is an active petroleum system.", "economicResources": "Source rock; Reservoir", "overlies": "Chiltan Limestone", "underlies": "Goru Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 11 }, { "id": "siwalik-group", "name": "Siwalik Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/siwalik-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "Miocene–Pleistocene", "age": "Miocene–Pleistocene", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "up to ~4,500 m in foredeep areas (Sulaiman Foredeep, Sibi and Karachi Troughs, Karachi Embayment)", "lithology": "Sandstones with alternating argillaceous (mudstone/siltstone) bands — fluvial outwash molasse.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, continental", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Potwar Basin; Sulaiman Fold Belt; Kirthar Range; Sindh Province", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "sohnari-formation", "name": "Sohnari Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/sohnari-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Early Eocene", "age": "Late Paleocene (to earliest Eocene)", "introducedBy": "Outerbridge et al (1989)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "~30 m", "lithology": "Lateritic clay and mud with subordinate sandstone.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "continental, paralic", "basin": "Kirthar Basin", "region": "Eastern Kirthar (Sindh)", "provinces": "Sindh Province", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Lakhra Formation", "underlies": "Laki Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "spingwar-formation", "name": "Spingwar Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/spingwar-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Early Jurassic (Liassic)", "age": "Triassic–Jurassic", "introducedBy": "Williams (1959)", "typeLocality": "Spingwar, 35 km northwest of Loralai", "coordinates": "30.5478, 68.3211", "lat": 30.5478, "lng": 68.3211, "thickness": "600–1,800 m", "lithology": "Interbedded grey to black crystalline limestone, oolitic and shelly in places, with calcareous shale and sandstone interbeds in the lower part.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "shallow marine", "basin": "Kirthar Basin", "region": "Western Kirthar (Balochistan)", "provinces": "Kirthar Range", "fossils": "Ammonites, brachiopods, bivalves, crinoids, corals", "synonyms": "Spingwar Member (basal Shirinab Formation, with the Loralai and Anjira members; Williams 1959)", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Wulgai Formation", "underlies": "Anjira Formation/Loralai Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "wulgai-formation", "name": "Wulgai Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/wulgai-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Triassic", "age": "Triassic", "introducedBy": "Williams (1959)", "typeLocality": "Tarkai-Gwal section, Axial Belt", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "180 m", "lithology": "Indurated dark-grey mudstone and shale with intercalations of thin limestone, calcareous mudstone and sandstone.", "lithologyType": "mudstone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Kirthar Basin", "region": "Western Kirthar (Balochistan)", "provinces": "Kirthar Range", "fossils": "Daonella", "synonyms": "Alozai Group / Shirinab Formation / Winder Group (earlier mappings, HSC 1960); Wulagai", "economic": "Part of the frontier Triassic–Jurassic carbonate petroleum play of the Sulaiman Fold-Thrust Belt; dolomitization of the Wulgai Formation carbonates has locally produced secondary porosity.", "economicResources": "Other", "overlies": "Gwal Formation", "underlies": "Spingwar Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 } ] }