{ "dataset": "Pakistan Stratigraphy Explorer — Karakoram-Hindukush Basin (Laurasia)", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin (Laurasia)", "provinces": [ "Hindukush-Chitral", "Karakoram" ], "source": "https://stratigraphy.pk", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "generated": "2026-10-29", "count": 75, "units": [ { "id": "aghil-limestone", "name": "Aghil Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/aghil-limestone", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic–Jurassic", "epoch": "Middle Triassic–Early Jurassic", "age": "Middle Triassic to Early Jurassic", "introducedBy": "Desio (1964)", "typeLocality": "Aghil pass, Shaksgam–Baltoro region, eastern Karakoram", "coordinates": "36.18, 76.62", "lat": 36.18, "lng": 76.62, "thickness": "1000+ m", "lithology": "Grey and white limestone and dolomite.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Foraminifera; Algae; Megalodontidae (bivalves); Benthic foraminifera (Aulotortus friedli, Agathammina)", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Borom Formation", "underlies": "Reshit Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "ailak-formation", "name": "Ailak Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/ailak-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Late Triassic", "age": "Late Permian–Late Triassic", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1995)", "typeLocality": "Baroghil Alak by Gaetani et al", "coordinates": "36.85, 73.38", "lat": 36.85, "lng": 73.38, "thickness": "about 1000 m", "lithology": "Massive dolomite and limestone.", "lithologyType": "dolomite", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Fusulinid foraminifera (Nankinella, Sphaerulina); Dasyclad alga (Permocalculus); Tubiphytes", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Gharil Formation", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 9 }, { "id": "arkari-formation", "name": "Arkari Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/arkari-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian–Jurassic", "epoch": "", "age": "Permian–Jurassic", "introducedBy": "Leake et al. (1989)", "typeLocality": "West of the Tirich (Mir) Fault, Chitral District", "coordinates": "36.2000, 71.8000", "lat": 36.2, "lng": 71.8, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Schist, phyllite, quartzite and extensive marble (metasediments up to lower-amphibolite facies).", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "ashtigar-formation", "name": "Ashtigar Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/ashtigar-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Early Jurassic (Liassic)", "age": "Jurassic", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1993)", "typeLocality": "Ashtigar village, Chapursan valley, upper Hunza", "coordinates": "36.72, 74.50", "lat": 36.72, "lng": 74.5, "thickness": "about 110 m", "lithology": "Thick, dark grey marly shale interbedded with fine-grained turbidites, calcarenite and volcanic debris.", "lithologyType": "marl", "environment": "marine, deep marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Trigonia-type bivalves; Brachiopods; Crinoids; Foraminifera; Nannofossils", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Aghil Limestone", "underlies": "Yashkuk Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "atark-formation", "name": "Atark Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/atark-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "", "age": "Permian to Triassic", "introducedBy": "Buchroithner (1978)", "typeLocality": "Named from the Atark Valley, a tributary of the Tirich Gol east of the Tirich Mir; forms a continuous strip north of the Tirich Boundary Zone from the SW edge of the map to Inkip in the Yarkhun Valley.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Dolomite, limestone, shale, sandstone and marble.", "lithologyType": "dolomite", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Megalodonts (bivalves); Dasycladacean algae", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "baintha-group", "name": "Baintha Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/baintha-group", "rank": "group", "status": "under-review", "era": "", "period": "", "epoch": "", "age": "", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Baintha Brak Peak, above the Biafo glacier", "coordinates": "35.9481, 75.7533", "lat": 35.9481, "lng": 75.7533, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Massive beds of marble, locally intruded by granite.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Southern Metamorphic Belt", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "baltit-group", "name": "Baltit Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/baltit-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Precambrian", "epoch": "", "age": "Precambrian", "introducedBy": "Stauffer (1968c)", "typeLocality": "Baltit, Hunza State", "coordinates": "36.3167, 74.6667", "lat": 36.3167, "lng": 74.6667, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Slate, quartzite and crystalline limestone/marble (metasediments).", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Southern Metamorphic Belt", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "baltoro-granite", "name": "Baltoro Granite", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/baltoro-granite", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "Early Miocene", "age": "Early Miocene (~21 Ma; U–Pb zircon emplacement 21.0 ± 0.5 Ma)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Baltoro Glacier, Karakoram", "coordinates": "35.7500, 76.3000", "lat": 35.75, "lng": 76.3, "thickness": "Plutonic body (10+ km)", "lithology": "Biotite granite, muscovite granite, leucogranite", "lithologyType": "igneous", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Intrusive into Karakoram metamorphics", "underlies": "Exposed at surface", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 9 }, { "id": "baroghil-group", "name": "Baroghil Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/baroghil-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Ordovician–Silurian", "epoch": "", "age": "Ordovician–Silurian", "introducedBy": "Tahirkheli (1982)", "typeLocality": "Baroghil Pass, Yarkhun valley, Chitral district", "coordinates": "36.8843, 73.3529", "lat": 36.8843, "lng": 73.3529, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Basal chert-rich conglomerate and arkosic sandstone with brachiopods, overlain by slate with metadolomite and quartzite.", "lithologyType": "chert", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "Acritarchs; Conodonts; Brachiopods", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Ishkarwaz Granite", "underlies": "Chilmarabad Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "barum-formation", "name": "Barum Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/barum-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Paleozoic (undifferentiated)", "epoch": "", "age": "Paleozoic (inferred; unfossiliferous)", "introducedBy": "Le Fort & Gaetani (1998)", "typeLocality": "Barum glacier, north of Ramach, upper Yasin/Darkot region", "coordinates": "36.46, 73.52", "lat": 36.46, "lng": 73.52, "thickness": "300–500 m", "lithology": "300–500 m of sandstone, siltstone, slate, microconglomerate and thin limestone, with basal black shale and lenses of white dolomitic marble.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Southern Metamorphic Belt", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "bauma-harel-formation", "name": "Bauma Harel Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/bauma-harel-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous–Paleogene", "epoch": "", "age": "Cretaceous–Eocene (uncertain; ?Jurassic)", "introducedBy": "Kazmi and Abbasi (2008)", "typeLocality": "Bauma Harel locality, Askole–Skoro Lungma and Thalle area, northeast of Skardu", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Volcanic metasediments metamorphosed to chlorite–epidote greenschist, interbedded with slate, phyllite, minor carbonate layers and conglomerate; the lower part comprises amphibolite, marble and metapelite basement.", "lithologyType": "volcanic", "environment": "volcanic", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "turritellid gastropods", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "bdongo-la-formation", "name": "Bdongo-La Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/bdongo-la-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Middle Jurassic", "age": "Middle Jurassic", "introducedBy": "Desio and Fantini (1960)", "typeLocality": "Shaksgam valley, eastern Karakoram", "coordinates": "36.10, 76.50", "lat": 36.1, "lng": 76.5, "thickness": "about 200 m", "lithology": "Marly sandstone and dark-coloured limestone.", "lithologyType": "marl", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Corals; Ammonites", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Marpo Sandstone", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "borom-formation", "name": "Borom Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/borom-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Early–Middle Triassic", "age": "Early to Middle Triassic", "introducedBy": "Gaetani (1990a)", "typeLocality": "Borom valley, about 3.5 km NW of Sost, Chapursan valley, Upper Hunza", "coordinates": "36.6900, 74.8200", "lat": 36.69, "lng": 74.82, "thickness": "about 300 m", "lithology": "Limestone and chert.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Conodonts; Foraminifera; Neospathodus dieneri; Triassospathodus homeri", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Wirokhun Formation", "underlies": "Aghil Limestone", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "bunthang-sequence", "name": "Bunthang Sequence", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/bunthang-sequence", "rank": "sequence", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene–Quaternary", "epoch": "Pliocene–Pleistocene", "age": "~3.2–0.73 Ma (Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene)", "introducedBy": "Cronin (1982)", "typeLocality": "Skardu Basin along the Indus River near Skardu, Baltistan; largest outcrop at Bunthang.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "~1.3 km", "lithology": "Upper Cenozoic fluvio-lacustrine intermontane-basin fill.", "lithologyType": "", "environment": "lacustrine, fluvial", "basin": "Skardu intermontane basin", "region": "Skardu, Baltistan (Karakoram Himalaya)", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "chalt-formation", "name": "Chalt Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chalt-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Carboniferous–Permian", "epoch": "", "age": "Permo-Carboniferous", "introducedBy": "Desio (1964)", "typeLocality": "Chalt village, about 40 km north of Gilgit, Hunza valley", "coordinates": "36.2333, 74.3333", "lat": 36.2333, "lng": 74.3333, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Dark-grey quartz–biotite schist with subordinate quartzite, marble and conglomerate.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Southern Metamorphic Belt", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Bryozoans; Fenestella; Productids; Corals", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "chapursan-group", "name": "Chapursan Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chapursan-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian–Triassic", "epoch": "", "age": "Permian", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1990a)", "typeLocality": "Chapursan and Shimshal valleys, upper Hunza", "coordinates": "36.72, 74.50", "lat": 36.72, "lng": 74.5, "thickness": "~400-500 m (Karambar sheet)", "lithology": "A thick, mainly carbonate succession (Karambar Unit, Shuinj Glacier): brownish well-bedded and massive limestones passing to platy black limestones (KCh1), massive white limestones with large fusulinids passing to grey-black well-bedded limestones (KCh2), slates and marls passing up to cyclic marlstones and massive limestones (KCh3), massive carbonates interfingering with KCh3 (KCh4), and undifferentiated black slates and marlstones at the top (KCh5).", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine, carbonate platform, basinal", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 9 }, { "id": "charun-quartzite", "name": "Charun Quartzite", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/charun-quartzite", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Devonian", "epoch": "Middle Devonian", "age": "Middle Devonian (uppermost beds mid-Givetian)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Kurâgh Spur, ~7.5 km NE of Reshun, Chitral (type section designated by Talent et al. 1999, shared with the overlying Shogrâm Formation).", "coordinates": "36.2167, 72.1667", "lat": 36.2167, "lng": 72.1667, "thickness": "about 100 m", "lithology": "Quartzarenites, more heterolithic than the name implies (with subordinate finer clastics); deposited by turbidity currents.", "lithologyType": "", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral; Karakoram", "fossils": "Brachiopod moulds (poorly preserved); Conodonts (in beds transitional to the Shogrâm Formation)", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "Shogram Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "chikar-formation", "name": "Chikar Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chikar-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Cambrian", "epoch": "", "age": "Cambrian", "introducedBy": "Kazmi and Jan (1997)", "typeLocality": "Chikar village, upper Yarkhun valley, south of Darkot Pass", "coordinates": "36.68, 73.45", "lat": 36.68, "lng": 73.45, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Metasedimentary siltstone and quartzite intruded by granitic dykes, passing southward into schist, hornfels and migmatite.", "lithologyType": "siltstone", "environment": "", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "chikchi-ri-shale", "name": "Chikchi-ri Shale", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chikchi-ri-shale", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Early Triassic", "age": "Triassic (Early Triassic)", "introducedBy": "Desio (1963)", "typeLocality": "Chikchi-ri", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Black, green, brown and red shale with thin beds of limestone, tuff and lava flows.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Conodonts (Neospathodus homeri); Meandrospira pusilla", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "chilmarabad-formation", "name": "Chilmarabad Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chilmarabad-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Devonian", "epoch": "", "age": "Devonian", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1996)", "typeLocality": "Type section measured north of Chilmarabad village, Yarkhun Valley; also exposed on the plateau NW of Lashkargaz.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "max ~145 m (Axial) to ~300 m (Karambar); ~230 m in the Lashkargaz/Baroghil sheet", "lithology": "Slate, dolomitic limestone and dolomite.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Tabulate corals (Thamnopora, Pachycanalicula); Calcareous alga (Pseudopalaeoporella); Stromatoporoids", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Baroghil Group", "underlies": "Shogram Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "chitral-slate", "name": "Chitral Slate", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chitral-slate", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "", "epoch": "", "age": "Late Palaeozoic", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Chitral region, northern Pakistan.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Fine-grained black slates with subordinate dark grey phyllite, quartzite and layers of limestone or marble; limestone dark grey to black, medium-grained, recrystallised.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "Spirifer (brachiopod); Dielasma (brachiopod); corals", "synonyms": "Chitral Slates", "economic": "Antimony: stibnite in quartz veins historically mined about 3 miles southwest of Partsan over a belt roughly 2 miles long, with further antimony mineralization reported northeast of Partsan in the Mastuj Valley (Heron 1950; Stauffer 1975).", "economicResources": "Other", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "chogo-lungma-group", "name": "Chogo Lungma Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chogo-lungma-group", "rank": "group", "status": "under-review", "era": "", "period": "", "epoch": "", "age": "", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Confluence of the Bolocho and Chogo Lungma glaciers, near Sost, Hunza valley", "coordinates": "35.90, 75.05", "lat": 35.9, "lng": 75.05, "thickness": "", "lithology": "White to greyish-blue, intensely folded marble interbedded with amphibolite; the impure marble carries diopside, phlogopite and grossular garnet, with calc-silicate layers and locally green tremolite.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Southern Metamorphic Belt", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "chutrun-limestone", "name": "Chutrun Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chutrun-limestone", "rank": "formation", "status": "under-review", "era": "", "period": "", "epoch": "", "age": "", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "West of the Basha River, near the Karakoram Metamorphic Complex (Chogo Lungma area)", "coordinates": "35.80, 75.42", "lat": 35.8, "lng": 75.42, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Marble that splits into hectometric lenses wrapped in schist.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Southern Metamorphic Belt", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "daltumbore-formation", "name": "Daltumbore Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/daltumbore-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "", "epoch": "", "age": "Paleozoic (Permian brachiopods, crinoids and bryozoans reported from associated limestones; Brookfield & Gupta 1984)", "introducedBy": "Hanson (1989); after Desio (1963, 1964) and Zanettin (1964)", "typeLocality": "Northeast side of the Shigar Valley (Daltumbore–Skoro Lungma area), Baltistan, northern Pakistan.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Interbedded clastic and carbonate metasediments — shales, limestones and conglomerates passing along strike into slates, marbles and garnet-biotite schists as metamorphic grade increases northwestward.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "shallow marine", "basin": "Karakoram (Asian plate)", "region": "Shigar Valley, Baltistan", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Skoro Lungma Slates; Daltumbore Micaschists; Askore Amphibolites", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "darband-formation", "name": "Darband Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/darband-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Late Cretaceous (Campanian–Early Maastrichtian)", "age": "Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1993)", "typeLocality": "Darband post, Chapursan valley, upper Hunza", "coordinates": "36.7200, 74.7800", "lat": 36.72, "lng": 74.78, "thickness": "about 300 m", "lithology": "About 300 m of red and grey nodular limestone interbedded with conglomerate at the top.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Inoceramid fragments; Coccoliths", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Reshit Formation", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "dark-limestone", "name": "Dark Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/dark-limestone", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian)", "age": "Jurassic", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1996a)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "about 150 m", "lithology": "About 150 m of dark limestone.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "darkot-group", "name": "Darkot Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/darkot-group", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Carboniferous–Permian", "epoch": "", "age": "Late Palaeozoic (Upper Carboniferous–Lower Permian)", "introducedBy": "Ivanac et al. (1956)", "typeLocality": "Darkot village, upper Yasin valley", "coordinates": "36.4700, 73.5300", "lat": 36.47, "lng": 73.53, "thickness": "3000+ m", "lithology": "A thick sequence of slate, limestone, quartzite, conglomerate, schist, marble, gneiss and volcanics.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "Bryozoans; Foraminifera; Brachiopods; Crinoids; Corals; Gastropods", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Chitral Slate", "underlies": "Reshun Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "darwaz-an-formation", "name": "Darwaz An Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/darwaz-an-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Early Jurassic (Liassic)", "age": "Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian)", "introducedBy": "Zanchi & Gaetani (2011)", "typeLocality": "Dark grey limestone strip just east of the Darwaz Pass (Darwaz An), upper Yarkhun Valley, between the top of the Ailak Formation and the overthrusting Devonian Chilmarabad dolostones; the only dated Jurassic succession identified in the upper Yarkhun Valley.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "preserved thickness slightly less than 100 m", "lithology": "At the base, a few metres of thin grey-brown sandstones (locally present), overlain by medium-bedded grey limestone (wackestone to packstone) with seams of fragmentary bivalves, layers of turriculate gastropods and foraminifers; the upper part is medium- to thick-bedded recrystallized limestone spectacularly crowded with large to giant bivalves (up to 40 cm), including pernids and ostreids (some resembling Mytiloperna sp.) in Lithiotis-facies.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "carbonate platform, restricted, confined lagoon", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "Large to giant bivalves (pernids, ostreids; Lithiotis-facies); Turriculate gastropods; Thaumatoporella parvovesiculifera; Amijiella amiji; Pseudocyclammina liasica; Siphovalvulina variabilis; Planinvoluta carinata", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Ailak Formation", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "unconformity", "upperContact": "fault", "references": 3 }, { "id": "dumordo-formation", "name": "Dumordo Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/dumordo-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Carboniferous–Permian", "epoch": "", "age": "Uncertain (unfossiliferous) — Permo-Carboniferous (Stauffer 1968c) or Precambrian–Lower Palaeozoic (Tahirkheli 1982)", "introducedBy": "Desio (1963)", "typeLocality": "Dumordo, a tributary of the Biaho River in the upper Braldu valley", "coordinates": "35.7357, 75.9772", "lat": 35.7357, "lng": 75.9772, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Garnet–staurolite schist, garnet–mica schist, garnet amphibolite, crystalline marble and micaceous quartzite, with lenses of biotite gneiss.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Southern Metamorphic Belt", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "gahirat-limestone", "name": "Gahirat Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/gahirat-limestone", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "", "age": "Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "Desio (1958)", "typeLocality": "Gahirat village, about 10 km north of Drosh, Chitral", "coordinates": "35.6600, 71.7900", "lat": 35.66, "lng": 71.79, "thickness": "up to about 3 km (marble)", "lithology": "Grey, massive limestone with coarsely crystalline marble (locally up to about 3 km thick) and a central zone of grey micaceous phyllite.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine, shallow marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "ganchen-formation", "name": "Ganchen Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/ganchen-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Devonian–Permian", "epoch": "", "age": "Devonian–Permian", "introducedBy": "Desio (1963)", "typeLocality": "Ganchen Peak (6462 m), north of the Shigar valley, Skardu district", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Metapelite with less common gneiss and amphibolite and thick beds of crystalline limestone and dolomite; pelites carry a kyanite–staurolite–garnet–biotite–muscovite–plagioclase–quartz assemblage.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Southern Metamorphic Belt", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "gharil-formation", "name": "Gharil Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/gharil-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Late Permian–Late Triassic", "age": "Middle to Late Permian (Kubergandian–Midian)", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1995)", "typeLocality": "Gharil", "coordinates": "36.8800, 73.4200", "lat": 36.88, "lng": 73.42, "thickness": "~5 m (Lasht/Siru) to ~20 m (Lashkargaz/Baroghil)", "lithology": "Siltstone, sandstone and marl, with poorly sorted microconglomerate and dark red hematitic cross-bedded sandstone (ironstone) at its scoured base in the Baroghil region.", "lithologyType": "siltstone", "environment": "marginal marine, marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Lashkargaz Formation", "underlies": "Ailak Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "gircha-formation", "name": "Gircha Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/gircha-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Early Permian", "age": "Late Carboniferous–Early Permian", "introducedBy": "Desio (1963)", "typeLocality": "Gircha", "coordinates": "36.6300, 74.8500", "lat": 36.63, "lng": 74.85, "thickness": ">50 m (Axial) to >500 m (Karambar); ~250 m in the Lashkargaz/Baroghil sheet", "lithology": "Thick-bedded to massive arkosic and quartzarenitic sandstone with slate (argillite) intercalations, passing upward into dark argillites with thin limestone–dolomite beds; sandstones are rich in igneous rock fragments.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, deltaic, rift", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Trigonotreta stokesi; Spirelytha petaliformis; Punctospirifer afghanus; Eurydesma sp.", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Misgar Slate", "underlies": "Chapursan Group", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 11 }, { "id": "guhjal-dolomite", "name": "Guhjal Dolomite", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/guhjal-dolomite", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Late Triassic", "age": "Late Permian–Late Triassic", "introducedBy": "Characterised for the Gujhal (Gojal) area of Upper Hunza by Gaetani et al. (1995)", "typeLocality": "Gojal (Gujhal) area, Upper Hunza, Northern Karakorum (Gilgit-Baltistan).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Massive grey platform dolostones and dolomitic limestones with peritidal cycles.", "lithologyType": "dolomite", "environment": "carbonate platform, peritidal, shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "megalodontid bivalves (Triassic); colonial scleractinian corals (Triassic); Parafusulina sp. (Permian base)", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Chapursan Group", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "gum-formation", "name": "Gum Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/gum-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "", "age": "Permian–Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "Le Fort & Gaetani (1998)", "typeLocality": "Qalandar Gum glacier, upper Yasin/Darkot region", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "about 1000 m", "lithology": "About 1000 m of limestone and slate.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Southern Metamorphic Belt", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "hispar-sar-group", "name": "Hispar Sar Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/hispar-sar-group", "rank": "group", "status": "under-review", "era": "", "period": "", "epoch": "", "age": "", "introducedBy": "Tahirkheli (1996)", "typeLocality": "Right bank of the Hispar glacier, extending northwest into the Hunza valley", "coordinates": "36.0800, 75.3000", "lat": 36.08, "lng": 75.3, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Massive marble with aluminous schist, quartzite and dark amphibolite.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Southern Metamorphic Belt", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Ganesh Marble", "economic": "Hosts the famous Hunza ruby (corundum) deposits and other gemstones.", "economicResources": "Metals & minerals", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "hunza-plutonic-unit", "name": "Hunza Plutonic Unit", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/hunza-plutonic-unit", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Albian (mid-Cretaceous)", "age": "Mid-Cretaceous (~105 Ma)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Hunza Valley, Gilgit-Baltistan", "coordinates": "36.32, 74.66", "lat": 36.32, "lng": 74.66, "thickness": "Plutonic body", "lithology": "Granodiorite, tonalite, diorite", "lithologyType": "igneous", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Intrusive into older metamorphics", "underlies": "Covered by younger deposits", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "ini-sar-formation", "name": "Ini Sar Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/ini-sar-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Guadalupian", "age": "Middle Permian (Guadalupian; early Murgabian)", "introducedBy": "Leven et al. (2007)", "typeLocality": "Forms a strip from Lashkargaz to the Baroghil Pass (Baroghil-Lashkargaz Unit), drastically reduced at the Baroghil Pass; type section figured after Leven et al. (2007).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "up to 370 m", "lithology": "A basal few metres of polymictic conglomerate with carbonate pebbles up to 15 cm (fining up, <15 m), overlain by coarse grey calcarenites in 20-50 cm beds with siltstone intercalations; the bulk is monotonous light grey sucrosic dolostone in massive beds with rare ghosts of thin-shelled bioclasts. Up to 370 m.", "lithologyType": "conglomerate", "environment": "marine, shallow marine, carbonate platform", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "Fusulinids (Schubertella, Yangchienia, Chusenella, Neoschwagerina spp.); Brachiopods; Crinoids; Bryozoans; Sphinctozoans", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Lashkargaz Formation", "underlies": "Ailak Formation", "lowerContact": "unconformity", "upperContact": "unconformity", "references": 1 }, { "id": "khalkal-formation", "name": "Khalkhal Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/khalkal-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "", "age": "? Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "Desio (1963)", "typeLocality": "Khalkhal glacier, a tributary of the Godwin-Austen (Baltoro) glacier", "coordinates": "35.80, 76.45", "lat": 35.8, "lng": 76.45, "thickness": "about 800 m", "lithology": "About 800 m of slaty calcareous sandstone, phyllite and conglomerate.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "krinj-limestone", "name": "Krinj Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/krinj-limestone", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "", "age": "Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "Desio (1959)", "typeLocality": "Krinj village, Lutkho valley, Chitral", "coordinates": "36.0000, 71.8011", "lat": 36, "lng": 71.8011, "thickness": "about 2.5 km", "lithology": "Massive platform-type limestone.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine, shallow marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "Reshun Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "kundil-formation", "name": "Kundil Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kundil-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Late Permian", "age": "Permian", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1990a)", "typeLocality": "Kundil valley", "coordinates": "36.7100, 74.7700", "lat": 36.71, "lng": 74.77, "thickness": "cherty limestone about 100–120 m (Wirokhun Saddle / Borom gullies west of Sost), with a laterally thinning megabreccia body in the middle–upper part", "lithology": "Cherty limestone with marl and fine tuff: a lower thick-bedded cherty limestone unit, a middle grey cherty limestone unit, and an upper unit, with a metabreccia up to 100 m thick between the middle and upper units.", "lithologyType": "chert", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Conodonts (Lopingian: Clarkina, Iranognathus)", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Panjshah Formation", "underlies": "Wirokhun Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "lashkargaz-formation", "name": "Lashkargaz Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/lashkargaz-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Early–Middle Permian", "age": "Permian", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1995)", "typeLocality": "Lashkargaz", "coordinates": "36.8300, 73.4800", "lat": 36.83, "lng": 73.48, "thickness": "up to 1000 m", "lithology": "Thick succession of shale with subordinate sandstone and limestone; in ascending order siltstone with phosphatic nodules, oncoidal limestone, shale, dolomite with fusulinids, and grey cherty limestone and dolomite.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marine, shallow marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Gircha Formation", "underlies": "Gharil Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "lun-shale", "name": "Lun Shale", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/lun-shale", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Silurian–Devonian", "epoch": "", "age": "Silurian to Late Devonian (structurally disrupted mélange)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Lun, Chitral", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "200-500 m", "lithology": "Slates and shales with subordinate quartzarenites and limestones, structurally disrupted (a stratigraphic mélange)", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "Ammonoids (rare); Bivalves", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Shogram Formation", "underlies": "Reshun Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "lupghar-formation", "name": "Lupghar Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/lupghar-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Early Permian", "age": "Permian", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1995)", "typeLocality": "Lupghar valley", "coordinates": "36.72, 74.45", "lat": 36.72, "lng": 74.45, "thickness": "about 300–380 m", "lithology": "Lower member of interbedded shale, mudstone and sandstone with phosphatic nodules; upper member of thick-bedded bioclastic and oolitic limestone and dolomite.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marine, shallow marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Gircha Formation", "underlies": "Panjshah Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "lupsuk-formation", "name": "Lupsuk Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/lupsuk-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Carboniferous", "epoch": "Late Carboniferous", "age": "Carboniferous", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (2004)", "typeLocality": "Lupsuk glacier, north of Karambar Pass", "coordinates": "36.92, 73.70", "lat": 36.92, "lng": 73.7, "thickness": "~250 m (Karambar sheet)", "lithology": "Quartzarenite, microconglomerate, sandstone, siltstone and limestone, with a cliff-forming carbonate upper part.", "lithologyType": "conglomerate", "environment": "marine, shallow marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "margach-formation", "name": "Margach Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/margach-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Devonian–Carboniferous", "epoch": "Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous", "age": "Devonian–Carboniferous", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (2004)", "typeLocality": "Margach cattle shelter, north side of the Ribat River along Zoe glacier", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "about 200 m", "lithology": "About 200 m of slate, siltstone, sandstone and limestone.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Brachiopods (spiriferids, productoids); Conodonts; Receptaculites", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Shogram Formation", "underlies": "Ribat Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "marpo-sandstone", "name": "Marpo Sandstone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/marpo-sandstone", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Middle Jurassic", "age": "Jurassic", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1990b)", "typeLocality": "Aghil Pass region and Shaksgam valley, eastern Karakoram", "coordinates": "36.15, 76.55", "lat": 36.15, "lng": 76.55, "thickness": "20–100 m", "lithology": "20–100 m of red sandstone and siltstone; the base has ostracod-bearing grey marl interbedded with red siltstone and overlain by polymict conglomerate, passing up into red shaly sandstone.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, marginal marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Tekri Formation", "underlies": "Bdongo-La Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "misgar-slate", "name": "Misgar Slate", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/misgar-slate", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Neoproterozoic-Cambrian", "epoch": "", "age": "Late Precambrian-Cambrian", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Misgar, Upper Hunza, Gilgit-Baltistan", "coordinates": "36.7875, 74.7682", "lat": 36.7875, "lng": 74.7682, "thickness": "1500-2000 m", "lithology": "Black slate, phyllite, quartzite", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Crystalline basement", "underlies": "Gircha Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "pak-china-friendship-formation", "name": "Pak-China Friendship Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/pak-china-friendship-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "", "age": "Permian (inferred from position above the Lower Permian Gircha Formation)", "introducedBy": "Newly defined by Tahirkheli et al. (1990), Upper Hunza Valley.", "typeLocality": "Road section ~3 km south of Dih, Upper Hunza Valley, northern Karakoram (Gilgit-Baltistan).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "10 m (near Passu/Khaiber) to over 30 m (south of Dih)", "lithology": "Quartzite and quartzitic sandstone with thin- to thick-bedded, medium- to fine-grained slates (weathering light yellowish-brown to brownish-grey); thin erratic conglomerate bands of sub-angular quartzite pebbles and slate chips in a siliceous matrix; locally intruded by granite, diorite and dolerite.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Dih Formation; PCF Formation", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Gircha Formation", "underlies": "Passu Slate", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "panjshah-formation", "name": "Panjshah Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/panjshah-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Guadalupian", "age": "Middle Permian (Wordian)", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1995)", "typeLocality": "Panjshah", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "about 230–260 m", "lithology": "Lower part of interbedded dark shale, siltstone and cross-laminated feldspathic quartzarenite; upper part of fossiliferous dark grey limestone and marl interbedded with marly limestone.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marine, shallow marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Stenoscisma armenica; Chapursania tatianae; Retimarginifera sp.; Elivina chapursani; Darbandia vagabunda; Anchorhynchia cimmerica", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Lupghar Formation", "underlies": "Kundil Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "passu-slate", "name": "Passu Slate", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/passu-slate", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "", "age": "Permian (position between the Gircha Formation and Gujal Dolomite; no fossils reported)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Passu, Upper Hunza Valley, northern Karakoram (Gilgit-Baltistan).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Light to dark grey, thin- to medium-bedded slaty shale, slate and phyllitic slate with subordinate calcareous and arenaceous partings; splintery weathering; sporadically intruded by granite, diorite, dolerite, aplite and vein quartz.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Passu Slates; Misgar Slate", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Pak-China Friendship Formation", "underlies": "Guhjal Dolomite", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "rawat-formation", "name": "Rawat Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/rawat-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "", "age": "Permian", "introducedBy": "Le Fort & Gaetani (1998)", "typeLocality": "Rawat village, upper Yasin/Darkot region", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Slate, limestone, siltstone and quartzite.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Southern Metamorphic Belt", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Permian invertebrates", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "reshit-formation", "name": "Reshit Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/reshit-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "late Middle Jurassic", "age": "late Middle Jurassic", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1990a)", "typeLocality": "Reshit village, Chapursan valley, upper Hunza", "coordinates": "36.824066, 74.512372", "lat": 36.824066, "lng": 74.512372, "thickness": "about 300 m", "lithology": "A monotonous sequence (about 300 m) of dark grey, cherty mudstone and wackestone.", "lithologyType": "chert", "environment": "marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Foraminifera; Ostracods; Crinoids; Corals; Echinoids; Brachiopods; Ammonites", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Yashkuk Formation", "underlies": "Darband Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "reshun-formation", "name": "Reshun Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/reshun-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Late Cretaceous", "age": "Late Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "Hayden (1915)", "typeLocality": "Reshun, Mastuj valley, Chitral", "coordinates": "36.1550, 72.0989", "lat": 36.155, "lng": 72.0989, "thickness": "500-1500 m", "lithology": "The Reshun Conglomerate: a lower psammite/conglomerate (Awi Conglomerate) overlain by micritic limestone and maroon shale.", "lithologyType": "conglomerate", "environment": "marginal marine, marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "Megalodon; Corals; Foraminifera", "synonyms": "Awi Conglomerate; Tupop Conglomerate", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Krinj Limestone", "underlies": "Chitral Slate", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "ribat-formation", "name": "Ribat Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/ribat-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Carboniferous", "epoch": "Early Carboniferous", "age": "Early Carboniferous", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (2004)", "typeLocality": "Ribat River, upper Karambar region", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": ">300 m in the Karambar Unit (Ribat Valley type section), reduced to <100 m in the Baroghil-Lashkargaz Unit (upper part eroded/non-deposited before the Gircha Fm.)", "lithology": "Fossiliferous limestone and marl.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine, shallow marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Conodonts (Gnathodus, Siphonodella lobata); Brachiopods (spiriferids, productoids); Crinoids", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Margach Formation", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "sarikol-shale", "name": "Sarikol Shale", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/sarikol-shale", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Devonian", "epoch": "", "age": "Devonian", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Sarikol Range; exposed near Shogram village, Chitral.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Predominantly slates with occasional quartzitic elements and limestone beds; near Shogram, black shale and slate with minor limestone beds.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "nautiloids (Devonian); Orthoceras (nautiloid); crinoid stem fragments", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "savoia-formation", "name": "Savoia Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/savoia-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous–Paleogene", "epoch": "", "age": "Cretaceous–Eocene (uncertain; unfossiliferous)", "introducedBy": "Desio (1963)", "typeLocality": "Savoia glacier, a tributary of the Godwin-Austen (Baltoro) glacier", "coordinates": "35.846335, 76.465002", "lat": 35.846335, "lng": 76.465002, "thickness": "about 1000 m", "lithology": "About 1000 m of schist, marl and conglomerate.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "sewakht-formation", "name": "Sewakht Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/sewakht-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Devonian", "epoch": "Late Devonian", "age": "Devonian", "introducedBy": "Leake et al. (1989)", "typeLocality": "Owir An and named by Shah", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Green schist, micritic limestone, chert, dolomite, carbonate phyllite, sandstone and breccia.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Owir Formation", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "shaksgam-formation", "name": "Shaksgam Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/shaksgam-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Permian", "age": "Permian", "introducedBy": "Auden (1938)", "typeLocality": "Shaksgam valley, north of K2, between the Karakoram and Aghil ranges", "coordinates": "36.027717, 76.469298", "lat": 36.027717, "lng": 76.469298, "thickness": "600–1000 m", "lithology": "Thick-bedded fossiliferous limestone with marl, siltstone and sandstone; cherty nodules occur near the top.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine, shallow marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Parafusulina sp.; Paraschwagerina sp.; Neoschwagerina sp.", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "Staghar Cherty Limestone", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "shanoz-conglomerate", "name": "Shanoz Conglomerate", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/shanoz-conglomerate", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Paleocene", "age": "Late Cretaceous–Early Palaeocene", "introducedBy": "Desio & Martina (1972)", "typeLocality": "Near Mount Shanoz, Upper Hunza Valley, Northern Karakorum (Gilgit-Baltistan); clasts also seen in streams near Khaiber village.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Pinkish-red, medium-textured conglomerate in a siliceous-argillaceous matrix; subangular to subrounded clasts (in ascending order of abundance) of limestone-dolomite (Guhjal Dolomite), slate and schist (Gircha Formation and Passu Slate), and quartzite (Pak-China Friendship Formation).", "lithologyType": "conglomerate", "environment": "alluvial, molasse", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Guhjal Dolomite", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "shittinbar-formation", "name": "Shittinbar Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/shittinbar-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "", "age": "Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "Le Fort and Pechner (2001)", "typeLocality": "Le Fort and Pechner", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Terrigenous alternation of sandstone and pelite.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Southern Metamorphic Belt", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "shogram-formation", "name": "Shogram Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/shogram-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Devonian", "epoch": "Middle–Late Devonian", "age": "Middle–Late Devonian", "introducedBy": "Desio (1966)", "typeLocality": "Shogram village (mount), Yarkhun valley, Chitral", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "~230 m at the Kurâgh Spur type section (180 m on the Yarkhun R.; ~80 m at Chillinji); the widely-cited ~800 m (Bender & Raza 1995; Kazmi & Jan 1997) is unsupported (Talent et al. 1999)", "lithology": "Massive crinoidal dolomite in the lower part; bedded dolomite, fossiliferous limestone with corals and thin shale in the middle; and cross-bedded fine- to medium-grained quartzite with brachiopod-bearing limestone in the upper part.", "lithologyType": "dolomite", "environment": "marine, shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral; Karakoram", "fossils": "Rugose corals; Brachiopods; Conodonts; Trilobites (Neocalmonia chitralensis, N. batillifera orientalis)", "synonyms": "Sewakht Formation; Owir Formation", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Chilmarabad Formation", "underlies": "Lun Shale", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "singhie-shales", "name": "Singhie Shales", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/singhie-shales", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Early Permian", "age": "Early Permian (Cisuralian)", "introducedBy": "Desio (1963)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "several hundred metres", "lithology": "Black, splintery shales and occasional siltstones; several hundred metres thick, passing upward into the Permian sandstone sequence.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Baltoro formation", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "staghar-cherty-limestone", "name": "Staghar Cherty Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/staghar-cherty-limestone", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Late Permian", "age": "Permian", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1995)", "typeLocality": "Shaksgam region north of K2, eastern Karakoram — the cherty limestone at the top of the Shaksgam Formation (originally described by Desio 1980).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Cherty limestone.", "lithologyType": "chert", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Conodonts (Late Permian: Gondolella); Radiolaria; Sponge spicules", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Shaksgam Formation", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "tekri-formation", "name": "Tekri Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/tekri-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Middle Jurassic", "age": "Jurassic", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1990b)", "typeLocality": "Shaksgam region, eastern Karakoram", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "about 300 m", "lithology": "Grey mudstone/wackestone with rare dark chert, oncolitic limestone and bioclastic packstone.", "lithologyType": "mudstone", "environment": "marine, shallow marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Sponges; Gastropods; Ostreids; Foraminifera", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Aghil Limestone", "underlies": "Marpo Sandstone", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "thalle-limestone", "name": "Thalle Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/thalle-limestone", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Ordovician", "epoch": "", "age": "Ordovician", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Thalle valley, northeast of Khapalu, Skardu district", "coordinates": "35.319442, 76.168635", "lat": 35.319442, "lng": 76.168635, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Crystalline limestone (marble).", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "tupop-formation", "name": "Tupop Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/tupop-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Late Cretaceous", "age": "Late Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1990a)", "typeLocality": "Widely exposed west and south of Babaghundi Ziarat in the Chapursan Valley, along the Buattar valley and northward up the Irshad Uwin Valley (Sost Unit).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Channelized red cobble–pebble conglomerates in amalgamated several-metre beds interbedded with sandstone and red shales; usually clast-supported with carbonate cement, clasts predominantly carbonate with subordinate terrigenous and few volcanic clasts. Basal rhyolitic ignimbrites (top of the Hidden Gorge) and a ~10 m dark red ignimbrite occur locally.", "lithologyType": "conglomerate", "environment": "fluvial, continental", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Aghil Limestone", "underlies": "Darband Formation", "lowerContact": "unconformity", "upperContact": "unconformity", "references": 3 }, { "id": "twin-valley-member", "name": "Twin Valley Member", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/twin-valley-member", "rank": "member", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Carboniferous", "epoch": "Late Carboniferous", "age": "Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (2004)", "typeLocality": "Twin valleys at the head of the Karambar River", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "30 to 100 m (sharp lateral thickness variation)", "lithology": "Cliff-forming carbonate with sharp lateral facies variations.", "lithologyType": "", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "vandanil-formation", "name": "Vandanil Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/vandanil-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Devonian", "epoch": "Early Devonian", "age": "Early Devonian (Pragian)", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (2008)", "typeLocality": "Type section on the southeast side of the Ribat Bar, above the summer meadows of Vandanil, Karambar Unit; recognized only in the Karambar Unit.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "about 625 m", "lithology": "About 625 m in five lithozones: (1) grey slightly dolomitized limestone with crinoids, brachiopod and tabulate-coral fragments (~135 m); (2) light grey dolostones (~50 m); (3) grey carbonatic siltstones with nodular limestones and dolostone banks, capped by calcareous slates (~150 m); (4) grey nodular limestones rich in brachiopods, corals, crinoids and nautiloids (~120 m); (5) grey dolostones with massive mounds built by dendroid-to-phacelloid rugosans, tabulates and calcareous algae (~170 m).", "lithologyType": "dolomite", "environment": "marine, carbonate ramp", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "Conodonts (Pandorinellina steinhornensis miae, Ozarkodina spp., Amydrotaxis spp.); Crinoids; Brachiopods; Tabulate corals; Rugosans; Calcareous algae; Nautiloids", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Vidiakot Formation", "underlies": "Chilmarabad Formation", "lowerContact": "conformable", "upperContact": "conformable", "references": 3 }, { "id": "vidiakot-formation", "name": "Vidiakot Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/vidiakot-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Ordovician", "epoch": "Early Ordovician", "age": "Ordovician", "introducedBy": "Quintavalle et al. (2000)", "typeLocality": "Type section along the Vidiakot ridge (Baroghil side), Axial Unit; named after the Vidiakot ridge, crops out between the Paur Gol and Chilmarabad.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "400–500 m", "lithology": "Fine-grained slate and siltstone with fine sandstone intercalations.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "marine, outer shelf", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Yarkhun Formation", "underlies": "Chilmarabad Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "wakhan-formation", "name": "Wakhan Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/wakhan-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "", "epoch": "", "age": "Palaeozoic–Early Triassic", "introducedBy": "Wakhan slates of Hayden (1915); characterised by Gaetani et al. (1996) and Mujtaba et al. (2024).", "typeLocality": "Wakhan / Upper Chitral, from Tirich Mir to the Chapursan valley (Hindu Kush–northern Karakoram).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Dark grey homogeneous slate, siltstone and quartzite with occasional calcareous schists; carbonaceous quartzitic slates with minor greenish sandstone (ripple marks) and white quartzite; grades northward into gneiss.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Wakhan Slates", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "wirokhun-formation", "name": "Wirokhun Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/wirokhun-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Early Triassic", "age": "Latest Permian–Early Triassic", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1995)", "typeLocality": "Wirokhun gorge", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "≤50–60 m (fault-disrupted; reference-section calcareous-marl interval 25.2 m at Wirokhun Saddle, base 4,414 m)", "lithology": "Dark shale and marl interbedded with grey mudstone, thin-bedded cherty limestone, tuff and black shale.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Neospathodus dieneri; Hindeodus parvus; Isarcicella isarcica; Gondolella carinata", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Kundil Formation", "underlies": "Borom Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "yarkhun-formation", "name": "Yarkhun Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/yarkhun-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Ordovician", "epoch": "Early Ordovician", "age": "Ordovician (Early Ordovician)", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1996)", "typeLocality": "Type section on the SE side of the Vidiakot ridge (Quintavalle et al., 2000), between the Yarkhun River and the Vidiakot gully, Axial Unit; rests with basal non-conformity on the Karakoram crystalline basement (Ishkarwaz-type granodiorite).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "about 170 m", "lithology": "About 170 m of arkosic sandstone interbedded with siltstone and black slate.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "shallow marine, siliciclastic shelf", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "Conodonts (Baltoniodus cf. medius); Acritarchs; Trace fossils (Cruziana, Planolites)", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Ishkarwaz Granite", "underlies": "Vidiakot Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 9 }, { "id": "yashkuk-formation", "name": "Yashkuk Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/yashkuk-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Early Jurassic (Middle–Late Liassic)", "age": "Jurassic", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1990a)", "typeLocality": "Yashkuk, confluence of the Chapursan River and Yashkuk Yaz glacier, upper Hunza", "coordinates": "36.816267, 74.366690", "lat": 36.816267, "lng": 74.36669, "thickness": "about 150 m (basal ~2 m polymictic conglomerate overlain by shale, siltstone and molassic red sandstone)", "lithology": "A lower unit of fine-grained, reddish, cross-laminated and ripple-marked sandstone with mud cracks and raindrop prints, overlain by pelite, marly limestone, oolitic calcarenite and oncoidal/cherty limestone.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, shallow marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Benthic foraminifera; Calcareous algae; Nannofossils; Ostracods", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Ashtigar Formation", "underlies": "Reshit Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "zait-limestone", "name": "Zait Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/zait-limestone", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Early Triassic", "age": "Triassic", "introducedBy": "Talent et al. (1979)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "more than 600 m", "lithology": "Massive black dolomitic limestone with a 6 m pisolitic ironstone bed.", "lithologyType": "dolomite", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "Conodonts; Isarcicella isarcica; Isarcicella staeschei; Hindeodus parvus", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 } ] }